Future Life Reading Essay

First, I can see a man and a woman walking into view from the bottom left of the image, diagonally across the scene to the top right. They are holding hands as they walk. She is wearing a very light and airy thin materialed flowing white dress; I cannot see her hair color. She is a thin woman. The man, as they are walking is pointing things out to the woman, things in the distance. He seems to speak a lot about the things he is pointing at. He has black hair and is wearing a shirt or a jacket that reminds me of Star Trek: TNG, or other similar sci-fi attire, goldish in color and almost sparkly; the edges a 2† (at least) thick line of slightly lighter color around the outer edges of the garment. The setting appears to be sand in color, Egypt would be the closest reference from here on earth, and the sun is shining. There are others around, but not immediately close-by to this couple. (To note: As I was writing this, at about 10:30 am Eastern Standard Time, I got a very strong sm ell of beer. I do not have any beer in my home.) Second, I got a close up image of a woman’s face/head. She has moderately long dark hair, and wears what appear to be thick-lensed glasses. She is sitting in some sort of layered seating such as in an auditorium, arena, or university classroom. She is holding a pen or pencil in her right hand between her fingers, constantly moving her hand around as she speaks to a person seated to her right. I believe the person she is speaking with is male, adult, but I cannot see him. All the while, she is watching and listening to what is going on in front of her. She was wearing a light colored long-sleeved thin blouse. Third, it started with an upside-down workboot. Behind this workboot, faded in the image of a garage or auto shop. The room looked large, but only seemed to have 1 garage door. The boot faded as other images came into view. In this garage, there is now a car at the far wall, directly across from the open door, which has 2 people on the other side of it. One man, which is clearly visible, is the focus of the scene. This man is older, white or very light grey hair, and he is wearing an orange t-shirt. This man is close to 6-feet tall from the look of it. The other man with him is like a shadow figure, never coming into view enough to see him, only enough to see that he is there; he is shorter than the older man. The older gentleman in the orange shirt is looking over toward another part of this room and seems to be arguing with someone. He doesn’t look happy at all. I cannot see the person he is arguing with, however, I get the feeling that he is arguing with his wife over something as he is getting ready to leave to go somewhere. Directly outside the garage door, I can see pavement and grass to the side, and there looks to be a fence next to the grass. On the grass, I see something largely red with blue, definitely a child’s toy; it looks like it may be a small wagon or dump truck, but I can’t see for sure. There is something else to the left of this object but I cannot make it out either; I’m guessing a tricycle.

Law and Ethics, Patients Rights in Practice Essay

In particular, those aspects observed by the student relating to patients privacy, confidentiality and any situations which warranted a limitation to patient privacy will be described and discussed with reference to patients rights. Situations in the hospital setting where the student nurse viewed health professionals informing patients about treatment options, encouraging patients to take action in decisions about their health, and gaining informed, voluntary consent prior to procedures will be discussed. An explanation of reasons for selecting privacy and consent as two essential concepts which health providers must understand will be illustrated. The legal and ethical responsibility of health care providers in relation to the aforementioned fundamental principles of achieving patient privacy and gaining informed voluntary consent will be examined with a clear emphasis on patient’ rights. While on clinical placement, the student nurse observed health professionals maintaining patient privacy to a high standard by consistently shutting curtains around patient’s beds, lowering their voices when working with patients in rooms containing multiple beds, courteously requesting visitors to leave the room when procedures of a sensitive nature were preformed and closing patient’s doors to limit unwanted interference from hallways. In order to show patients respect, dignity and consideration, which are outlined as a fundamental patient right in the Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter (2002), patients were consistently examined in areas that were as private as was possible at the time. This attempt by health care providers to maintain the physical privacy of all patients by consistently minimizing unwarranted outside attention is a clear demonstration of how health care providers maintained patient dignity, consideration and respect. According to the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. , patients have a right to be treated with courtesy throughout their hospital experience. The actions of the health care team correlate positively to this statement as through the maintenance of patient’s physical privacy, health care providers are demonstrating consideration for their patients and respecting their rights set forth in both the Queensland Health public patient charte r and the Ramsay health care charter. Throughout the clinical placement of the student nurse, the health care facility in question demonstrated exceptional adherence to national privacy principles 4. set forth in the Privacy Amendment Act (2000). Initiatives currently in place at Cairns Private Hospital ensure confidentiality of both patient’s medical records as well as patient’s personal details by limiting outside access to confidential information and preventing health care professionals from transmitting such information to the broader community. One such example observed by the student nurse involves the hospitals policy preventing nurses from leaving the hospital with materials used in nursing handovers that contain information regarding patient’s condition and personal details. The destruction of such material prevents the transmission of private information to the wider community and demonstrates the role of health care providers in maintaining patient privacy. According to the national privacy principle 4. 1 extracted from the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act (2000, p. 9), â€Å"An organisation must take reasonable steps to protect the personal information it holds from misuse and loss and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. Therefore, by ensuring patients information is protected from unauthorised access and disclosure, Cairns Private Hospital is fulfilling the legal obligations set forth for private organizations in the Privacy Amendment Act (2000) principle 4. 1. Patient’s right to have their personal information kept private and confidential, as outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter (2002), was also exceptionally demonstrated by those nurses with whom the student nurse was in contact during c linical placement. Health care providers consistently maintained patient confidentiality by limiting discussion of patient’s condition to those situations where health care providers must share patient information to improve patient care. When the student nurse observed an exchange of information between health care providers pertaining to patient’s condition, it occurred in a manner such that other patients or visitors were unable to discern the content of discussion. This includes, but is not limited to, patient information related in nursing handovers. By treating patient’s personal information obtained in a professional capacity as confidential, nurses are adhering to the expected national standards for Australian nurses as stated in ANC Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable. Patients belief that health care professionals will handle their personal information with respect, dignity and maintain their confidentiality not only illustrates the ethical and legal responsibilities of health care providers, but correlates positively with the formation of trust between patient and nurse. According to Stein-Parbury (2005 p. 42), â€Å"†¦ without trust, there is minimal self-disclosure and little chance that patients will share their experiences with nurses or that nurses will come to understand patients’ experiences. † Therefore, through the maintenance of patient privacy and confidentiality, the element of trust, which forms the basis of all nurse-patient relationships, is strengthened. Crisp and Taylor (2005), illustrated the importance of patient privacy and confidentiality as without these two essential components patients would not feel able to tell health care professionals their most intimate and private details. This potential hesitation to share personal information with health providers can have a negative impact on the provision of care and can ultimately lead to treatment that does not take into consideration essential aspects of patient’s health. The maintenance of patient’s privacy is essential in both building trust between nurse and patient and providing holistic nursing care. As stated previously, the maintenance of patient privacy has implications in both legal and ethical spheres and is paramount to the formation of the nurse-patient relationship. Student nurses must therefore gain an understanding of the importance of maintaining patient privacy to ensure that once qualified as a registered nurse, one will understand the reasons why legally and ethically we must adhere to the guidelines. In today’s health care setting, the emphasis of patient’s rights and understanding these rights is paramount if one wishes to practice safe appropriate care for all peoples. It is for these reasons that the central issue of patient privacy was selected for consideration. Although the importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable, there are ertain situations that warrant the sharing of patient information. As observed by the student nurse, health care professionals continuously share patient information between themselves in attempts to allow allied health professionals to provide appropriate holistic patient care. In today’s hospitals, with shift work and the increasing specialization of various allied healt h workers, it is essential that patient information is shared to improve patients care and outcome. In order to achieve appropriate care for patient’s, this is a requirement and will not be considered as a breach of patient privacy. This team work approach to health care is viewed as of benefit to the patient and is absolutely essential is today’s health care facilities where health care professionals are increasingly working in more specialized fields. Throughout the entire clinical placement, the student nurse consistently observed health providers informing patients of their various treatment options, encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, and ultimately gaining informed voluntary consent prior to any procedure. As outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002), and the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to easy to understand information about their condition, treatment options, risks, and expected outcomes. The health providers viewed by the student nurse exemplified exceptional adherence to the patients right to accurate information as nurses were observed directly informing patients wherever possible about their treatment options, risks, and choices available to them. Health care providers not only adhered to their legal obligation of providing treatment information to patients, but did so in a way that reflected nurses ability to use due care in support of their ethical responsibilities. According to the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to ask questions and seek clarification in regards to matters that concern them. The actions of the health care team exemplified good practice with reference to this patient right. Health care providers were willing at all times to respond to patients questions or concerns and faced each situation with enthusiasm and clear respect for patients right to ask questions and seek clarification. Patients right to take part in decisions about their health care as stated in the Queensland Public Health Charter ( 2002), was viewed by the student nurse to occur in conjunction with the aforementioned patient right to information about treatment. By providing patients with easy to understand information about their condition, it allowed patients to make informed choices regarding their treatment and overall health. Health professionals were observed to provide patients with the information they require such that patients could make their own decisions regarding their treatment options. By thoroughly providing patients with necessary information as well as encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, health providers were empowering patients and fostering patient’s autonomy. Autonomy, the freedom to decide and act (Stein-Parbury, 2005), can be enhanced when a patient is given information about their condition and encouraged to take an active role in making decisions about their health. Informing patients of various treatment options and encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health are fundamental components of informed voluntary consent. Informed voluntary consent may be implied, written or verbally given. The student nurse observed various nurses obtaining implied consent from patients when performing routine procedures such as taking a blood pressure reading. The student also viewed health providers obtaining verbal consent from patients when preforming procedures such as showering and mobilizing patients. The health providers adhered to the legal requirements which state that consent must be voluntarily given and informed (Forrester & Griffiths, 2005). The actions of the health care team correlate positively to the statements set forth in both the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002) and the ANMC Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The charter asserts that patients have the right to give their permission before they are treated. Whether consent was implied or verbal, the student nurse observed patients giving their permission prior to any procedure. According to Value Statement 2 in the Code of Nursing Ethics (nd. ), nurses must accept the rights of individuals to make informed choices in relation to their care. By ensuring that patients right to make informed choices in relation to their care and obtaining informed voluntary consent, health providers are meeting their legal and ethical obligations surrounding patients consent. It is essential that student nurses have an understanding of their moral and legal requirements surrounding patients consent. If a health provider performs a procedure without acquiring consent, there is a possibility that their actions legally may amount to assault or battery. According to Forrester and Griffiths (2005), battery involves the unlawful touching of a person without his or her consent. In charges of battery, there is no requirement that the patient sustains any injuries as a result of health professionals unlawful touching. Health providers must therefore have an understanding of the legal ramifications surrounding consent to ensure that they provide safe nursing care based on respecting patient’s legal rights. It is for this reason that the issue of patient’s consent was included for discussion in this paper. It is becoming increasingly important for health professionals to have an understanding of their legal and ethical responsibility for the maintenance of patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent prior to preforming any procedure with patients. With the emphasis on patiens rights becoming more prevalent in the health care setting, it is essential that health care workers respect patient’s rights which include, but are not limited to, maintaining patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent. The health providers present at the health care facility attended by the student nurse were observed to demonstrate good practice with respect to patients’ rights as set forth in the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002).   

Mental state

1. Why is a defendant’s mental state at the time of the offense (MSO) important from a legal standpoint?From a legal standpoint, the relevance of the mental state of the defendant is important because it determines whether or not the act was done with any capability, aptitude, or ability.   These factors are relevant because they determine if the defendant acted with consciousness in the commission of the offense.   The commission of an offense without any knowledge of the gravity of the situation or under a state of insanity is an exempting circumstance that exonerates the defendant from any criminal liability.The mental state is also important during the custodial investigation wherein the defendant is read his Miranda Rights.   This is particularly important because the law provides that the accused has the right to know of the nature of the charges against him and the possible consequences of any answer which he may give during such questioning.   A mentally incapa ble or incompetent person will be unable to comprehend these matters and therefore it is important to determine his capacity.Another perspective is that the mental state of the defendant also determines his competency to stand trial (CST), Competency to refuse an insanity defense, Competency to confess, Competency to waive rights to silence, Competency to dismiss counsel, Competency to serve a sentence, and Competency to be executed.   Under the Constitutional requirement of due process, the defendant has a right to know the charges against him and also to cross examine any witnesses that will be presented as well as the right to defend himself in court.   Without a determination of the competency of the defendant, such rights of the defendant may be violated which is against the Constitutional guarantee of due process.2. What is the role of a forensic psychologist in such cases?The role of a forensic psychologist in such cases is to determine the mental competency of the defend ant.   The in-depth knowledge of human cognitive and emotional functioning that the forensic psychologist possesses enables him to arrive at a conclusion on whether or not the defendant is competent to stand trial.   The forensic psychologist can also conduct and insanity examination to determine whether or not the act was done with criminal intent (mens rea) by the defendant.The different forensic assessment instruments that the forensic psychologist utilizes in order to determine the competency of the defendant are the following, Competency Screening Test (CST), Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI), Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI) and the MacArthur Structured Assessment of the Competencies of Criminal Defendants (MacSAC-CD).3. What mistakes might a forensic psychologist make when conducting this type of evaluation?The most common error that a forensic psychologist might make during these types of evaluations involves the area of predicting the human behavior of the defendant.   While the different tests and evaluations that the forensic psychologists use may be relatively accurate in determining the competency of the defendant to stand trial and at the commission of the offense, the difficulty lies in determining how long the incompetency will last and whether or not the defendant is liable to commit future crimes in case the defendant is released or exonerated.At the present there is no way of determining whether or not the defendant may commit future crimes.   It must also be remembered that the forensic psychologist conducting the examination must also be well versed with the pertinent provisions of law applicable to the case.References:Adler, J. R. (Ed.). (2004). Forensic Psychology: Concepts, debates and practice. Cullompton: Willan.Ribner, N.G.(2002). California School of Professional Psychology Handbook of Juvenile Forensic Psychology. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-7879-5948-0

Global Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Global Business - Assignment Example Due to the economic performance of the three countries such as Mexico having the 14th largest nominal GDP, Spain having the fifth largest economy in the EU, and India having the 11th largest economy by exchange rates, it is clear that these nations follow the guidelines of the three international institutions that include the IMF, WTO and the World Bank. Amazon was chosen for this project due to its size and especially to find out how it has managed to become a leader in the Internet based market. The foundation of Amazon’s global business includes establishment in regimes that have transparent political institutions as well as functioning judicial systems. Within several previous decades, the three countries within which Amazon operates have exhibited tremendous economic growth. This is mostly because of the globalized nature of the trade that they engage in. The three nations have also established internal structures that favor globalization. This implies that these countries act as good markets for Amazon’s products. Mexico hosts several major automobile manufacturers that include GM, Chrysler, and Ford. This makes Mexico ideal for Amazon’s products in related fields. The booming pharmaceutical industry of India is expected, by 2020, to reach an estimated $48.5 billion. This is why Amazon has a specific interest in India. On the other hand, Spain is one of the countries where companies that include Ferrovial have achieved a global status from establish ing an ideal market environment for Amazon. These factors form some of the most important foundations of Amazon’s global business. This is because of the existence of functioning judicial systems as well as strong political systems in the involved countries. On top of that, these countries support and promote globalization through the establishment of capitalist mixed economic systems. The democratic mode of governance began in 1917 in Mexico following the

In what ways do women and minority ethnic groups seek to transform Essay

In what ways do women and minority ethnic groups seek to transform unions and how do unions respond - Essay Example For this purpose, the trade unions also need to increase the proportion of minority ethnic groups and the women within their framework. It is a fact based on the commonsensical general awareness and well corroborated by many trade unions in the UK that minority ethnic groups and women are highly underrepresented in the union structures (Gallie & Rose, 1996). Various steps have been taken by trade unions to ameliorate this imbalance in the form of making provision for the reserved seat for minority ethnic groups and women and by allowing for proportionate representation. Irrespective of the fact that such transformational steps have been adopted by the trade unions since the last few decades, the mindset of the trade unions still remains quiet patriarchal and majority oriented (Heery & Salmon, 2000). Now is the time for the trade unions to meditate on the impact of women and minority ethnic groups in the union culture and as to have these marginalized segments of the British work forc e have contributed to and facilitated the revival and survival of the trade unions in the UK (Heery & Salmon, 2000). This article investigates the augmenting diversity in the British workforce and the biases being faced by the ethnic minority groups and women at the work place. One purpose of the paper is to identify as to how these sidelined segments of the British workforce tend to redress the work place discrepancies by trying to transform the trade unions. The paper also looks into as to how the trade unions respond to the demand for change emanating from the ethnic minority groups and women. This paper is based on the available academic and online sources pertaining to the topic under consideration. Hence it is possible that it may leave untouched some facets of the concerns and expectations of the ethnic minority and female workers. Still, it will try its best to have an insight into the dynamics of trade unions with respect to members affiliated to the ethnic minority groups and women. Diversity and Trade Unions In a broad context, diversity is universal in the sense that every individual tends to differ from other. However, defining diversity in a universal perspective will make its scope utterly meaningless for any rational analysis (Heneman et al, 1996). Hence it is imperative to define diversity in the context of the organization or institution it relates to. Yet, a broad scope of diversity do turns out to be magnanimous enough to make way for the analysis of heterogeneous aspects of varied social groups that constitute the British workforce (Liff, 1999). The nature of diversity adopted to facilitate a meaningful discussion in the context of the topic under consideration includes within its scope, gender and ethnicity. The external and internal workforce with which the trade unions have to deal with is highly segmented (Kirton & Greene, 2000). So far as the female employment in the British workforce is concerned, it is at its peak. Women today const itute approximately 45 percent of the UK’s workforce (EOR, 2001). Nearly 70 percent of the women in the UK are employed (EOR, 2001). When one comes to the last decade, the largest increase in the employment rate has been registered by the women who have children below five years of age (EOR, 2001). A noteworthy majority, say 88 percent of the women are engaged in the services sector (EOR, 2001). This data certainly hints towards augmenting gender diversity in the British

Malaysia - Truly Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Malaysia - Truly Asia - Essay Example It has been termed as â€Å"Malay dominated plural society† where all the religions have the freedom to practice their respective ethnicity (as cited in Yeoh, 1993). In this paper, we shall discuss various aspects of the Malaysian culture which will enlighten us about this country’s social, economic, religious and political scenario. Elements of Malay culture observed in Malaysia In Malaysia, cultures have been meeting and integrating since the very beginning of its history. Despite being Muslim dominated, the people in Malaysia believe in respecting all the different religions and cultures. The Malay culture covers more than half of the population and though they have been rapidly moving towards modernization, the traditional customs and rituals still play a big role in their life. The key events of birth, engagement, marriage and death are carried on in the traditional manner. Every Malay follows Adat, an act which requires a person to conduct oneself according to the prescribed rituals rather as per his own whims and desires and he/she should regularly scrutinize his/her own acts to ensure that it is concurrent to the society. Most importantly, family still holds the utmost position in a person’s life as was in the traditional Malay culture. ... For example, it is mandatory for Muslim women to wear a Tudung, a piece of cloth which covers their head, ears and chest. Thus, we can see that despite living in a multiethnic society, the Malays have maintained their culture and traditions (â€Å"Malaysia: Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette, † n.d). Extent of Influence of Westernization and Modernization on Traditional Malay Culture The economic and infrastructural development of Malaysia has greatly brought modernization as well as westernization in the Malay culture. Even members of native families speak English language and pursue the contemporary culture of going to pubs and partying. Malaysian art, music as well as dancing have been influenced by the western culture (Lad, n.d). Despite of existence of different opportunities for men and women based on ethnic values and social class, stringent gender separation has never been a part of the Malaysian society. Though cooking and cleaning are deemed to be female tasks, in affluent families where both men and women work outside their homes there has been an increase in the trend of hiring domestic servants. Modernization has influenced urban Malays where matters of physical contact between the opposite genders are concerned. Moreover, Malay women are allowed to wear western clothes like jeans and trousers, though revealing clothes are prohibited (Williamson, n.d). Moreover, development of new technologies and availability of modern day equipments has drastically altered the lifestyle, consumption habits and cuisine of the Malay people. For example, in traditional Malay weddings, guests were offered food in the table served style. However, today it has given way to the

Rabies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rabies - Research Paper Example Different health organizations define rabies according to their respective perspectives. The Centers for Disease and Control Prevention (CDCP, 2010) define rabies as a â€Å"preventable viral disease of mammals most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal† (par. 1). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2010) states its meaning as â€Å"a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by a virus† (par. 1). While the Mayo Clinic (Mayo Foundation, 2010) avers that â€Å"rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. The rabies virus is usually transmitted through a bite† (par. 1). Integrating these definitions, rabies is found to be a deadly but preventable disease caused by a virus transmitted to humans through the saliva of infected animals. The animals clearly identified to contain the dreaded virus range from raccoons, bats, skunks, foxes, cats and dogs, among others. As indicated in the definition, rabies is caused by a virus (of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae) contracted through a bite from an infected animal. According to Fisher (2008, par. 9), â€Å"when the rabies virus enters muscles, it replicates locally and is then transported through peripheral sensory nerves to the spinal ganglia, where it replicates and travels up the spinal cord to the brain. The virus migrates to the gray matter of the brain and predominates in the neurons of the limbic system, midbrain, and hypothalamus. Efferent nerves transport virus to the acinar glands of the submaxillary salivary glands, where it achieves high concentration†. People who live in rural areas are most at risk in contracting rabies. Children, most especially, those who play in the streets are at a higher risk of being bitten by stray dogs. Further, medical practitioners, such as veterinarians and wildlife researchers or specialists, need to be vaccinated to

Theoretical Perspective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theoretical Perspective - Research Paper Example Project managers usually use emails and video conferencing techniques for a two way communication with his team members. Apart from this, special 3D and 2D satellite images are used by project managers for detecting the areas of oil spills and the working condition of the pumps. The manager then schedules the maintenance plan for the same. The oil and gas field can also be detected under the sea or on ground through 3D images of Stereo satellites. The companies are injecting the most advanced technologies to increase the efficiency of the workforce and also maximize the profit. Increasing use of these VPM tools is also helping the industry to decrease their operating expenses and this might also affect the price of oil and gases in the global market in future. Table of Contents Virtual Project Management 4 Virtual Project Management (VPM) Tools 4 VPM Tools in Oil Producing Environment 5 Current and Future Abilities for Project Implementation 6 Effect of New Technology on Projects and Members round the World 7 References 8 Virtual Project Management We often see that, the project teams are generally dispersed in many different locations of the world. The projects in MNCs are generally given to team, in which the members might be working from different parts of the world. Sometimes a single project is carried out by different companies. The geographically dispersed work or project is often called virtual projects. Virtual projects are called so because most of the communication regarding the project is done through email, video conferencing, telephone or using other forms of technology. The long distance communication methods and techniques are no longer expensive or prohibited. It helps the project managers to communicate with his project team frequently and openly (Mantel, Meredith, & Shafer, 2006, p. 56). Virtual Project Management (VPM) Tools In Virtual Management, the whole team is mainly depended upon the technological aspects. As such most of the work and decision making functions are undertaken through web-based technology such as internet. The tools that are used in virtual project management need to fit in the teams from all round the world. The main function that any VPM tool should have, is to allow the project team members to communicate with one another efficiently, as all the team member are in separate locations. Moreover, they might not have knowledge of each other's prior work experiences. In this case communication becomes the only key for discussing and formulating plans regarding the project. Secondly, the tools should also allow the team members to collaborate in the virtual space. The tools should also help the project manager to manage the project functions, schedule the resources and also track the progress of the tasks. The VPM tools are usually web based applications, which are used to create schedules and assign tasks. The resources and activities of team members are monitored and important documents are also exc hanged through these tools. VPM Tools in Oil Producing Environment Virtual project management tools are very useful in the field of natural resources such as minerals, oil and gas. Since, these natural resources are usually found in remote areas, so technological tools play a very important role in detecting and planning out the projects. In such cases, satellite, and airborne remote sensing technology is often used to select the oil and gas

Capital Budget. Disney park in River County Research Paper

Capital Budget. Disney park in River County - Research Paper Example The activity center will be the major area of operation for workers and where equipment will be stored. Also, from this place, daily operations involved running and management operations will be conducted. The center is also expected to generate revenue of approximately $500, 000 dollars annually once it has been fully constructed. This center is also expected to offer services like restaurants and hotel resorts, swimming pools, natural scenery viewpoints among other luxurious services (Finkler, 2010). It has been stated earlier on that Disney Park in River County was abandoned a long time ago. What remains are obsolete structures, the bulldozer will therefore be used to demolish those structures as plans for construction of a new activity center. The lifespan of the bulldozer, 8 years, makes financial. This is because it will be used to do heavy duties and as a result it is prone to wear and tear than the other assets. The two garbage trucks are expected to serve for 10 years. It is expected that these trucks, costing $300, 000, will enable the attainment of the project’s purpose. In addition to that, they will also be used in maintaining the cleanness of the County (Bierman, Harold & Seymour, 2005). Furthermore, River County can lease or rent the trucks to private organizations leading to generation of revenue. It is therefore expected that within a period of 10 years the trucks will have served purposes worth of their purchase.

Transmitting Nonverbal Messages in Business Contexts Essay Example for Free

Transmitting Nonverbal Messages in Business Contexts Essay There are a number of ways to show positive attitude when being interviewed for a supervisory position in a business organization. On top of the nice words said, nonverbal gestures such as facial expressions and body language can convey tons of meaning to the interviewer. An interviewee therefore needs to exhibit confidence within himself so that this confidence can shine through outside.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the ways to show interest and alertness to the interviewers is by leaning forward from the seat. This gesture communicates that the interviewee is interested with what the interviewer has to say. Since listening attentively is a good trait of a supervisor, this gesture will be welcomed by the interviewer. When communicating with the interviewer, sincerity may be expressed by putting your open palms on your chest to emphasize your point. This should appear naturally though. Otherwise, it would be seen as superfluous (Thill Bovee, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another gesture that should not be missed is the eye-to-eye contact. This shows to the interviewer that you have nothing to hide and that you are fully aware of the implications of what you are saying. In addition to this, while seated, it would be important to show openness and attentiveness. This may be done by not crossing the legs. By showing openness, this communicates that you are open to suggestions and do not show arrogance when you are in a position of leadership (Thill Bovee, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, you should not forget to send a positive message by grooming well and showing that you dress up professionally. When you show that you look after your appearance, then the interviewer can be assured that you look after your affairs with the same level of professionalism. Reference Thill, J. V. Bovee, C. L. (2006). Excellence in Business Communication. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

The Stock Market Values Of Usec Finance Essay

The Stock Market Values Of Usec Finance Essay The report values the existing operations and future projects of USEC and analyses whether the stock market is significantly over or undervaluing the business. USEC is the worlds leading provider of enriched uranium to the commercial power plants with a 50% market share in the North America. The current share price fairly reflects the existing operations and future growth of those operations. However, there are two important valuation issues. Firstly, the company has initiated the American Centrifugal Project (ACP) which will use new technology. It would reduce costs and double the current capacity. The total capital investment is expected to be $1.7 billion and the plant is expected to start production in 2011. The NPV of the ACP is -$220 million implying that the share is overvalued significantly. Secondly, the company has a very high amount of uranium inventory and if its market value is included then the market is significantly undervaluing the liquidation value. However, the liquidation value is likely to be lower than the market value of inventory because it will be difficult to sell all inventories without resulting in sharp drop in uranium prices. Overall, considering the high risks involved in the ACP, the market price is higher than the true worth of the company and hence the trading strategy would be to short USEC. Introduction USEC is the worlds leading supplier of enriched uranium fuel for commercial nuclear power plants. This report analyses whether the company is over or undervalued and suggests an appropriate trading strategy. The USECs share price of $10.80 fairly reflects the expectations of the cash-flow potential of companys existing operations. However, there are two main issues that can result in USECs valuation being significantly different from its market valuation. Firstly, the company was in the initial stages of implementing the American Centrifuge Project (ACP) which will not only double the scale of the company but also significantly improve its competitive position. The usage of a new technology in the ACP will reduce electricity costs substantially, a major cost contributor in enriching Uranium. Secondly, as a result of USECs contract with the US government and the Department of Energy (DoE), the company has a high inventory of uranium acquired at a cost which is less than 50% of the current market price. This could give a potential valuation boost. The above-mentioned two points are analysed in detail to understand their potential impact on the valuation of the company. Finally, a trading recommendation is made on the basis of the above analysis. Company background USEC operates the only uranium-enrichment facility in the US, a diffusion plant in Paducah, Kentucky. Uranium fuel for nuclear power plant is sold as Separate Work Unit (SWU) and USEC uses, on average, one pound of uranium to produce one SWU. The capacity of the Paducah plant is 3.5 million SWU. USEC has another plant which is placed in cold standby under a contract with the DoE. USEC also provides contract and consulting services to the DoE. The company supplied 50% of enriched uranium fuel to commercial nuclear power plants in the North America. Its global market share was 30%. Its main competitors are AREVA/Eurodif, Tenex and Urenco. USECs revenues and net profit for the year ended 31 December 2005 were $1,559 million and $22 million respectively. Rationale for investing in the ACP The company has recently initiated the American Centrifuge Project (ACP). ACP is a major investment and will cost $1.7 billion. The company is pursuing the ACP due to the following factors. USECs operating costs are significantly high due to its usage of a technology that consumes more electricity for enriching uranium into SWU. The electricity costs of the company have risen recently because a long-term contract with a power supplier has expired. The operating profit margin declined from 5.2% in 2004 to 4.3% in 2005. The new technology at the ACP will reduce enrichment-process energy consumption costs by 95% and overall enrichment costs would be cut by 50%, relative to the existing process. This would allow the company to target higher profit margins and/or higher market share by positioning itself as a low-cost producer. US government has entered into the Megatons to Megawatts contract with the Russian government under which USEC is bound to purchase 5 million pounds of uranium each year from Russia. The Paducah plant can process only 3.5 million pounds of uranium per annum. The higher purchase than consumption over the years has resulted in an inventory of 29 million pounds of uranium. The capacity of the ACP is 6.5 million SWU per annum. The high capacity will reduce the existing inventory over time. One of companys competitors, URENCO, is planning a new plant in New Mexico. The ACP may deter URENCO from opening the new plant. USEC will also save $8m and $30m in lease and capital expenditure costs respectively annually by putting Paducah plant in cold standby once the ACP starts production. NPV of the ACP currently implied by the stock market The stock market implied NPV of the ACP can be deduced from the difference between the market value of USEC and the NPV of its existing business. The current share price of $10.80 fairly reflects the discounted cash flows of the existing operations as well as the future growth of those operations. This implies that the stock market is assigning no NPV to the ACP. In spite of the new technology reducing costs and inventory, and increasing sales, the stock market doesnt seem to think that the ACP will change the value of the company. This could be due to a number of reasons. Firstly, USEC already has a very high market share and it would be difficult for the company to significantly increase its market share with the near doubling of production capacity. Secondly, ACP will be the first commercialisation of a new technology and actual benefits in terms of energy savings may not meet the projected figures. Flyvbjerg et al. (2009, p. 172) state that projects underperform due to numerous uncertainties such as project complexity, technological uncertainty. This would reduce the NPV of the project. Thirdly, the plant is expected to cost $1.7 billion and take 4 years to build. Large-scale projects typically cost much higher than the initial estimates (Touran and Lopez, 2006, p. 853). The time required to complete the project may also exceed initial estimates and could end up further increasing the cost. This could have a severe impact on USECs financials as the company will have to pay interest on high borrowings. Finally, the company may not be able to recoup a large part of its investment if the things did not go to plan because of the specialist nature of ACPs assets (McLaney and Atrill, 2007, p. 510). USECs WACC The WACC formula is given below. WACC = Cost of debt*(1-Tax rate)*(Debt/(Debt+Equity)) + Expected return on equity*(Equity/(Debt+Equity)) The expected return on equity is calculated according to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (Pagano and Stout, 2004, p. 14). Expected return on equity = Risk-free rate + Beta*(Market risk premium) The risk-free rate is 5.04%, yield on the 10-year US Treasury bonds. USECs beta is 1.3 and the market risk premium is expected to be 5.5%. Substituting values in the above equation, Return on equity = 5.04% + 1.3*5.5% = 12.19% The current yield on the companys debt is 9.04% and this will be the cost of debt. The tax rate (tax / profit before tax) in 2005 was 40%. The amount of debt was $475 million on 31 December 2005. It is assumed that the amount of debt has not changed in July 2006. The share price is $10.80. The number of shares was 86.1 million which gives the company a market capitalisation of $930 million. Substituting values in the WACC equation, the WACC of USEC is 9.90%. This WACC will be used for discounting APC. However, there are key issues in doing this. It assumes that the APC will be funded with same gearing as the existing business. This would require a large amount of equity funding which is unlikely. The APC will most likely have a different gearing and hence, its WACC will be different. Using same WACC also assumes similar risk profile. However, this ignores two important points. Firstly, the company will be using a completely different and new technology and additional risk should be reflected in higher WACC or risk-adjusted cash flows (Genus and Coles, 2006, p. 116). Secondly, the risks associated with long construction period should also be taken into account. Additionally, Lobe (2009, p. 45) states that a constant WACC rate must fail if the implied leverage ratio is time varying. It would be difficult to maintain a constant leverage ratio as the operating profits will change the gearing in the later years. This implies that constant WACC based on current gearing is incorrect. In light of the above points, the WACC of the ACP is likely to be different than that of USEC. NPV of the ACP The NPV calculations are based on the following assumptions: Same capital structure as the existing operations. The debt required to fund the ACP will be $817 million based on the current gearing and remaining investment of $1.6 billion. SWU price in 2006 of $127 per unit. Uranium cost in 2006 of $43 per pound. 2006 enrichment cost of the ACP of $21 per SWU. Annual increases in SWU and enrichment cost at long-term inflation rate of 3%. Selling and general expenses at 4% of revenues, in line with 2005 figures. 1% of revenue paid as royalty to the DoE. Tax rate of 40%. Appendix I shows the sales and cost data used in projecting profit and loss of the ACP. Appendix II shows the profit and loss projections over the useful life of the ACP. Appendix III shows the NPV calculations of the ACP. The NPV is $597 million. After deducting debt of $817 million, the net value addition to equity holders will be -$220 million. The negative NPV to equity implies that the companys equity will be destroyed by the ACP and hence, the current market price is significantly overvalued. The NPV is based on a number of key factors including sales volume projections, sales price and cost per unit. The sensitivity of the NPV to key factors is analysed below. Sales projections The table below shows the sensitivity of the NPV to changes in sales units, expressed as percents of the base case. Table 1 Sensitivity to change in sales volume of SWU NPV decreases with reduction in sales volume. The highest NPV is -$220 million because the plant cannot produce more than 6.5 million SWU. Inflation rate The sales price of SWU, the cost of uranium and enrichment are assumed to grow at the inflation rate. The table below shows the sensitivity of the NPV to changes in the inflation rate. The NPV is positive at inflation rate of 4.5% or higher. Table 2 Sensitivity to change in the inflation rate WACC The WACC is based on a number of assumptions and the actual WACC is likely to be higher because of additional risks in this projects. The table below shows the sensitivity of the NPV to changes in the WACC. Table 3 Sensitivity to change in the WACC The negative NPV means that the project is value destroying. However, higher production will help the company release a large amount of its working capital and reduce debt early. That could be the reason behind markets implied nil value of the ACP. Liquidation valuation USEC has a large amount of uranium inventory. The balance sheet values inventory at its cost price of $20 per pound. The current market price of uranium is $43 per pound. The more than double market price can have a significant impact on the value of the company if its business is liquidated immediately. The assets liquidation value per share based on the book value of uranium inventory is $5.1, which is 51% lower than the current market price. The assets liquidation value per share on the basis of market value of uranium is $13.1, which is 22% more than the market value. There are two important issues associated with the liquidation valuation if market value of uranium is used. Firstly, the amount of uranium held by the company is much more than the global annual requirement from the commercial nuclear power plants and it would be a major struggle to even sell a significant amount of uranium immediately. Secondly, the oversupply due to 29 million pounds will result in significant fall in the price of uranium. It is more likely that the company will realise a lot less than the market value if uranium stock is liquidated immediately and hence, market value of uranium should not be taken into account for the liquidation analysis. Conclusion The current share price fairly reflects the existing operations and future growth of those operations. However, there are two important and contrasting valuation issues. Firstly, the company has initiated the American Centrifugal Project (ACP) which will use new technology. The NPV of the ACP is -$220 million which implies that the share is overvalued significantly. Also, there are additional risks due to new technology and higher amount of funding. Secondly, the company has a very high amount of uranium inventory and if its market value is included then the stock market is significantly undervaluing USEC if the business is liquidated immediately. However, it is unlikely that the market price of uranium will be achieved if the firm is liquidated because the high inventory will result in a sharp drop in uranium prices. Overall, the company is facing higher operational costs and its reliance on the ACP to increase value is risky with a negative NPV. Costs and time overruns in implementing the project could severely impact the financial health of USEC. The investment strategy would be to short USEC as negatives of the ACP overweigh its positives, at least until the time the ACP becomes operational. Exhibit I Sales and cost data of the ACP Exhibit II Profit and loss of the ACP Exhibit III NPV of the ACP

Summary Of Career Aspirations Goals Information Technology Essay

Summary Of Career Aspirations Goals Information Technology Essay As the name itself implies Personal Development Plan is a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan for their personal, educational and career development and to encourage critically reflective practice. SUMMARY OF CAREER ASPIRATIONS/GOALS My career plan is to become an Information Technology (IT) Consultant operating across nations. I like to work in firms of management consultants, software and systems houses within large manufacturers of computing equipment, or occasionally internally in major industrial companies. The above said areas are some of the places IT Consultants work. For I desire to work in partnership with clients, advising them how to use information technology in order to meet their business objectives or overcome problems. Consultants work to improve the structure and efficiency of organizations IT systems. Common job tasks IT Consultants do which I see as part of my career aspirations and goals include: Analyze IT requirements within companies and give independent and objective advice on the use of IT. Provide specialist support and back-up to professionals within client companies. Advise on strategic planning and operational efficiency. May run facilities for clients. Design, develop and test new systems. Train staff in new systems. Part of my career goals/aspirations is to gain growth in resources, that is upgrading my knowledge and resources to grow as a professional, better salary, job satisfaction, experience such as learning about the cultures of different countries, meeting new people and basically becoming familiarized with customs and traditions worldwide. This will enable me to increase my tolerance level and change perspectives and job stability. Accomplishing this goal is a long journey since I am still an undergraduate student but every long journey begins with a step. It is a challenging and technical aspiration though I have a passion for it because it is my dream and there after I want to have my own software incorporation with a group of professionals where I will be overseeing as a CEO of my to be company named Eyis Software Inc. ANALYSIS OF SKILLS Success as a consultant requires the following skill sets: Technical skills such as programming languages Analytical skills such as problem solving expertise Networking skills Database knowledge Interpersonal skills Communications skills Business management skills and Some professional certifications Some other skill sets required are not limited to: Leadership ability Teamwork skills Ability to learn quickly Confidence when making decisions Excellent customer service skills Good organizational skills to manage heavy work load Ability to communicate technical information to a non-technical clients and colleagues Flexibility and adaptability Time management skills Technical Skills Technical skill set includes good programming knowledge that is having knowledge of programming languages such as C, C++, JAVA, VB.NET etc and programming methodologies. Analytical Skills Good knowledge and logical approach to problem solving. Mathematically analyzing the problem and solving it. Networking Skills IT Consultant should possess an understanding of network devices, topologies, network protocols and data communication across networks such as LAN, WAN, Intranets, Extranet, MAN, CAN etc. Database Knowledge It needs Database knowledge including Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements, Data Definition Language (DDL) statements, Transaction Control (TC) statements and Data Control Language (DCL) statements. It requires knowledge of database systems such as MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Sybase, Oracle, and database administration. Interpersonal and Communication Skills As an IT Consultant, interpersonal and communications skills are required: Interpersonal skills in order to close sales, and even persuade your client to act on your advice. Communications skills such as making presentations and writing documents so that you can convey your value and your result to the client, so that the client can see what they have bought. Business Management Skills As an IT consultant business management skills are needed so as to keep track of your assets, cash, accounts receivable and bills and a basic level of organization so as to deal with few repetitive tasks (such as getting those bills out every month). Apart from that, you must plan to focus on marketing and it has to systematic and repeatable. Professional Certifications To be at the cut edge as an IT Consultant obtain professional certifications from the vendors such as MCSE from Microsoft, CCNA, CCNP from Cisco and OCA, OCP from Oracle University etc. Skills/Knowledge Gained These are the skill sets and knowledge I currently have that are required skill sets and knowledge needed for my career aspiration and goals and how and where I acquired them are tabulated follows: S/NO. Skill/Knowledge Area How Where 1. Technical such as programming Programming languages such as VB.NET, PHP MySQL, C and C++ Through my degree studies, private lesson, and personal studies. In college and at home 2. Networking Skills Network+ and CCNA, though they are professional Through my state government scholarship Gates Intense IT Network and Security Trainings, India 3. Database MS Access, Oracle SQL*Plus Through my degree studies. In college 4. Interpersonal Effective communication Through my IT training session India 5. Communication Effective communication Through my IT training India 6. Professional Certifications A+, N+, MCSE, CCNA Hardware engineering course Gates Intense IT Network and Security Trainings, India Skill sets/Knowledge Not Gained The table below indicates the skills/knowledge required for my career aspirations/goals I feel that are needed that I have not yet possessed: S/NO. Skill/Knowledge Area 1. Technical such as programming Programming languages such Perl, C#, JAVA 2. Analytical Further mathematics and core logical problem solving 3. Networking CCNP though it is professional 4. Database Microsoft SQL Server 5. Interpersonal/Communication Ascent, tradition and cultures 6. Business Management Marketing 7. Professional certifications CCNP, OCA, OCP and OCM Explanation of Steps The following are the necessary steps and time frame I have set or planned to obtain the skill/knowledge I have not acquired: Educational qualification: I am still an undergraduate student in the field of software engineering but I strongly believed that maximum by December 2011 I will be through with my first degree and to me only first degree is not enough, I will continue my second degree which is my Master degree in the related field and that will be a maximum of 2 years. The good news is I will not stop at masters and if I have a sponsor I will do my full time doctorate degree and it will take like another 3 years. The technical programming skills such as C# and JAVA will be acquired through my holiday periods and a set time of a least one year will be enough for each. I planned to work as a programmer in a software house for at least 2 or 3 years so as to acquire good programming skill and knowledge. Analytical skills will be obtained based on working on big projects, internships and core programming and a maximum of 4 to 5 years will be required for me to gain it. It is by several practices and doing and this I have to do every possible time that I have. Networking/Professional certifications such as CCNP by Cisco, OCA, and OCP by Sun Microsystems etc. will be obtained during the process. I will go one after the other to gain them and it will take like 2 years. I planned to acquire the knowledge of Microsoft SQL Server prior to my first degree graduation which I will be learning it by myself. Interpersonal/Communication areas such as improving my ascent, studying people traditions and cultures will be obtained through various presentations, documentations and reports, going along with the people, making vital friendships, self discipline, practices and learning within a time set of at least 4 to 5 years and during life process as life itself is a process of learning and no one is an island or paragon of knowledge. Business Management skills such as marketing and business strategies are needed as an IT consultant. I planned to take part-time studies in business related field so as to gain business knowledge, liaising and negotiating with clients and that will take me at least 3 years. Conclusion Having a career as an IT consultant is interesting and technical and one requires a huge set of skills and knowledge. The field of IT industry is diversified and IT consultants carry out such a variety of tasks that one IT consultant career may develop into a number of different industries and sectors. As for me and my career I have to reach my ultimate goals and I have to carry out my set out plans. For I look forward to achieve it and beyond becoming even as a CEO.

Apollo 13 (as-508): Houston, We Have A Problem. :: essays research papers

Apollo 13 (AS-508): Houston, we have a problem. The Apollo 13 mission was launched at 2:13 p.m. EST, April 11, 1970 from launch complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center. The space vehicle crew consisted of James A. Lovell, Jr. commander, John L. Swigert, Jr., command module pilot and Fred W. Haise, Jr. lunar module pilot. The Apollo 13 Mission was planned as a lunar landing mission but was aborted en route to the moon after about 56 hours of flight due to loss of service module cryogenic oxygen and consequent loss of capability to generate electrical power, to provide oxygen and to produce water. Spacecraft systems performance was nominal until the fans in cryogenic oxygen tank 2 were turned on at 55:53:18 ground elapsed time (GET). About 2 seconds after energizing the fan circuit, a short was indicated in the current from fuel cell 3, which was supplying power to cryogenic oxygen tank 2 fans. Within several additional seconds, two other shorted conditions occurred. Electrical shorts in the fan circuit ignited the wire insulation, causing temperature and pressure to increase within cryogenic oxygen tank 2. When pressure reached the cryogenic oxygen tank 2 relief valve full-flow conditions of 1008 psi, the pressure began decreasing for about 9 seconds, at which time the relief valve probably reseated, causing the pressure to rise again momentarily. About a quarter of a second later, a vibration disturbance was noted on the command module accelerometers. The next series of events occurred within a fraction of a second between the accelerometer disturbances and the data loss. A tank line burst, because of heat, in the vacuum jacket pressurizing the annulus and, in turn, causing the blow-out plug on the vacuum jacket to rupture. Some mechanism in bay 4 combined with the oxygen buildup in that bay to cause a rapid pressure rise which resulted in separation of the outer panel. The panel struck one of the dishes of the high-gain antenna. The panel separation shock closed the fuel cell 1 and 3 oxygen reactant shut-off valves and several propellant and helium isolation valves in the reaction control system. Data were lost for about 1.8 seconds as the high-gain antenna switched from narrow beam to wide beam, because of the antenna being hit and damaged. As a result of these occurrences, the CM was powered down and the LM was configured to supply the necessary power and other consumables. The CSM was powered down at approximately 58:40 GET. The surge tank and repressurization package were isolated with approximately 860 psi residual pressure (approx. 6.5 lbs of oxygen total). The primary water glycol system was

The Fires of Jubilee : Nat Turners Fierce Rebellion Essay -- Nathanie

The Fires of Jubilee : Nat Turner's Fierce Rebellion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Fires of Jubilee, is a well written recollection of the slave insurrection led by Nathaniel Turner. It portrays the events leading towards the civil war and the shattered myth of contented slaves in the South. The book is divided into four parts: This Infernal Spirit of Slavery, Go Sound the Jubilee, Judgment Day, and Legacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story takes place in Southampton County, Virginia where little Nat Turner is introduced. Nat led a normal childhood for the most part, supervised by his beloved grandmother. They were working as slaves on a plantation owned by Benjamin and Elizabeth Turner. The Turners became Methodists due to the emphasis on free will and salvation. The impact of religious institutions on slavery gave whites second opinions on slavery. Methodists, Quakers and anti-slavery Baptist made it their duty to see that their voices were heard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stephen B. Oats, the author, recalls the unlawful accounts of Nat's mother, Nancy, while being forced into slavery. Being just a teenage girl, she was abducted in North's Nile River Country by slave raiders. She was then marched hundreds of miles to the coast and sold to the Europeans. She endured the "middle passage" which was the dreaded voyage of being in a crammed small area with many other chained Africans. The results of this torment included suicide, starvation, and death from white man's disease. It was also noted that Nancy tried to kill her ba...

A learning Machine

It is quite difficult to see the author’s main point in the sense that he simply discussed the findings of the five psychological scientists regarding their research on the neural plasticity of the brain. It appears that the author adapted the findings of the scientists which have served as the main point of the article.That is, based on the scientists’ findings the author depicted that the brain is â€Å"a learning machine† that it is capable to bend, stretched, expand, and specialize it self in order to respond to challenges. The author apparently believed that the topic was a breakthrough in scientific research regarding the human brain.The author made this clear citing the remark of one of the presenter; Nelson states, â€Å"Psychological sciences are on the point that it should become a big science. We should think about the way that chemistry became great sciences.The time of each person in his own lab may be over.†[1] As stated earlier, the authorâ €™s main point is to show that the human brain is capable of adjusting to the current challenges. The brain can be trained in order to become capable to cope up with the present challenges. It is true that the author described other people’s argument and he does have his own opinion. He simply cited the opinions of the five presenters and supports his main point by citing the remarks of the presenters regarding the topic.The information presented by the author is that the neural plasticity in able the brain to adapt to sort and interpret a huge variety of incoming data from the world. This finding was derived from an experiment on the adult monkey’s brain which concludes that human brain can be train to adapt new skills. The author says it is a breakthrough in scientific research of the human brain.What are the strong features of the author’s argument?Indeed, the author does not have his own argument, but the strong feature of the article is that it tells th e reader of what more the human brain is capable of.On the part of the writer, he simply presented the findings of the five scientists. However, the argument is definitely supported by solid data because they are based on actual experiment. Yes, the research appears to have been conducted properly because obviously, the writer validated all his information through the statement of the scientists which conducted the actual experiments regarding the topic. Regarding information, I do not think the author provided more than one side of the issue.The author simply presented what is necessary to give fair information. In my opinion, the weak feature of the article is its humanist notion. The article is not based on anecdote nor does it rely on isolated case study but on evolutionary principle. But generally, the author research is adequate as it is informative. The data presented was not misinterpreted nor the author tried to infer a causal connection from co-relational data.Comparison w as not possible rather the author corroborated the findings the scientists. Regarding other possible interpretations, this seems not possible as even the writer simply presented the opinion of the presenters. Nelson was careful not to make any unsubstantiated claims or has ignored other explanations as there was not such thing in the article.What have you learned in the course that supports arguments made by the author?I have learned from the course that the brain carries various cognitive activities and that it is a very complex information processor which process input information in many different levels of consciousness and unconsciousness. While this is a common knowledge, it clearly connects to the author’s argument that the brain is a learning machine.That is the brain is capable of adjusting, bending and acquiring skills. This argument is specifically noted by the author citing Michael Rutter of King’s college observation of the cognitive capability of Roman ch ildren form an adopted by UK families from an orphanage. Rutter noted the progress of the children who were all tested as mentally retarded upon their arrival, but after some years of living in above average environment, â€Å"they were nearly normal†[2].The thing that I have learned from the course that goes against the author’s argument is that the human brain distinctly set apart human’s from animals because of its capacity to adopt, to develop new skills, and bend stretched in order to respond to challenges. This kind of capability is so distinct from that of animals which attest that human beings are a special creation and not a product of evolution.This runs counter to the author’s argument which clearly adheres on the theory of evolution. Citing Gopnic, the author stated, â€Å"evolution requires that we discover new things about the works and use this knowledge to imagine new things, to change the world based on imaginings†[3] I could apply what I have leaned from this events first, locally by telling people who are struggling to cope with new challenge that they are capable of imagining a better situation and of turning it to reality.Second, nationally, I can write article which discussed on the capacity of human brain to cope and to adjust with new challenges which I will seek to publish on a national level. I understand that this is easier said than done but if this will help people to overcome their current difficult situation, then I will be willing to pursue it. Globally, this may sound impossible, but publishing an article of international circulation may be possibleSelect a concept from the article and connect it to or relate it to events happening in the world today.The concept I selected from the article is the concept that brain can be trained. The human brain can be trained to be skilled, can be trained to become sensitive and can be trained to adjust or stretched.   Today, the world is witnessing the ri se of new technology and the world is fast becoming technology drive.The need of new skills, new knowledge, and visions requires human being to respond by adapting to the new situation. In this new development, the ability of the brain to acquire new skills, to adapt to new situation, to cope with challenges, and the capability of the mind to be trained relates highly because the new knowledge demands new skills. In other words, training people for this type of knowledge is possible because of brains capability to adjust and to adopt.

e-Commerce web solutions Essay

Ecommerce stores that have been uniquely designed and developed with rich features have created success for online merchants from across diverse industries. With Agile project management and 10+ years of development experience, we deliver a go live version soon to help our customers start generating revenue as soon as possible. Attractive and easy user interface design is the expertise of the talented team and developing the required features. We have been successfully delivering e-stores that are highly appreciated by our clients as well as the customers who shop with them. While developing, the key focus remains on the aesthetics of the store which eventually attracts customers, gives them a smooth shopping experience and increases the chances of making a purchase. Once an ecommerce portal solution is up and running, it is then time to make sure that the general public knows about the ecommerce website and the business. This can happen with the help of search engine promotion for an ecommerce website which is not same as a normal static website. Since the site has got dynamic pages and products, a different strategy has to be worked upon in order to achieve the publicity results. Kenovate Solutions has been delivering the ecommerce search engine optimization services along with the development and hence have been a perfect choice for one-store-shop for ecommerce development and search engine optimization. With over 100+ websites developed, 40+ application software delivered and 50+ live sites hosted for a range of industries and verticals over the last 10+ years, Kenovate Solutions is serving web solution needs for early adopter entrepreneurs, startups and SMEs in domestic & international web domain. Kenovate Solutions specializes in developing web portals, intranets, e-commerce solutions, and web / online applications those are used to streamline functionality and ease of use. Kenovate’s clients include a wide range of domains such as education, finance, FMCG, healthcare, hospitality, international development agencies, manufacturing, non-governmental, research agencies, real estate, retail, travel and tourism etc.

Aditya Birla vs Big Bazar

Aditya brila retail: more- general view The Group's foray into the retail sector began in December 2006 when it acquired Trinethra, the chain of stores based in south India. May 2007 saw Aditya Birla Retail Limited (ABRL) launch their own brand of stores called ‘More. ‘ ABRL's vision is â€Å"to consistently provide the Indian consumer complete and differentiated shopping experiences and be amongst India's top retailers while delivering superior returns to all stakeholders† Currently, there are over 575 supermarkets and 12 hypermarkets.All the supermarkets are branded ‘More. ‘ and the hypermarkets are branded ‘More Megastore'. The company has over 11,000 employees and has a pan-India presence. More. supermarkets are neighbourhood stores with the core proposition of offering value, convenience and trust to the customers and averaging 2,500 sq ft area. The hypermarkets are self-service superstores offering value and range in food and non-food produc ts and services at a single location.Hypermarkets are located in large catchment areas and encourage mass consumption with discount prices and substantial depth of assortment with an average store size of 55,000 sq ft shopping area. n May 2009 Aditya Birla Retail introduced a value proposition for its supermarkets and encapsulated it into a promise of giving its customers â€Å"Hamesha Extra† which has resonated with the consumer. â€Å"Hamesha Extra† is the core essence of More. It means customers will always feel that they have got something extra while shopping at More.Within a short span of less than three years, More. has more than one million members as part of its loyalty programme. More. has also launched a huge range of private labels in food and grocery, staples and apparel which have already obtained a significant share of category as well as salience with the consumer. Aditya Birla Retail was presented the ‘Retail Best Employer of the Year' award at t he Reid and Taylor Awards for Retail Excellence, by the global jury of the Asia Retail Congress 2009 and again in 2011. In the same forum, ABRL's CEO, Mr.Thomas Varghese was awarded the Prestigious Retail Icon Award by the global jury of the Asia Retail Congress 2011. Aditya Birla Retail Limited was also awarded the Reid & Taylor Award for Retail Excellence by the global jury of Asia Retail Congress 2010 for the best marketing campaign of the year – Launch of Hamesha Extra. It was also presented the Golden Star Award 2009-2010 for the most admired Retailer of the year (Food & Grocery) for excellence in Food, Hospitality, Service and Retailing. In March 2011, the 10th Indira Award for Marketing Excellence was awarded to Aditya Birla Retail Limited CEO, Mr.Thomas Varghese for his outstanding contribution to brand building. Aditya Birla Retail Limited  is the retail arm of  Aditya Birla Group, $40 billion corporation. The Company ventured into food and grocery retail sector in 2007 with the acquisition of a south based supermarket chain. Subsequently,  Aditya Birla Retail Ltd. expanded its presence across the country under the brand â€Å"more. † with 2 formatsSupermarket & Hypermarket. Supermarket more. – Conveniently located in neighbourhoods,  more. supermarkets cater to the daily, weekly and monthly shopping needs of consumers.The product offerings include a wide range of fresh fruits & vegetables, groceries, personal care, home care, general merchandise and a basic range of apparels. Currently, there are over 483  more. supermarkets across the country. Hypermarket more. MEGASTORE  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ is a one-stop shopping destination for the entire family. Besides a large range of products across fruits & vegetables, groceries, FMCG products,more. MEGASTORE  also has a strong emphasis on general merchandise, apparels & CDIT. Currently, fourteen hypermarkets operate under the brand  more.MEGASTORE  in Mysore, Vadodara, Indore, Mah adevpura, Old Madras Road, Bull Temple Road & 4th Block Jayangar in Bengaluru, Mumbai, Saroor Nagar & Kukatpally in Hyderabad, Vashi, Rohini & Kirti Nagar in New Delhi & Nashik Clubmore. – our loyalty program, currently has a strong membership base of 3 million members. Aditya Birla Retail Limited  currently has employee strength of around 9,000 people. Key functions are headed by professionals with vast retail experience in India and globally. Quality & Value through own labels: Aditya Birla Retail Ltd  provides customers a wide choice of products under its  own labels.The objective is to provide quality products at attractive price points to customers. Since quality of the products is of prime importance, stringent quality norms have been set and are followed. All manufacturing partners are the best in their class. Own label Food Brands more. , Feasters, Kitchen's Promise, and Best of India Home & Personal care brands more. , Enriche, 110%, Pestex, Paradise, and Germe x Super markets Glance:- With a vision to be among the leading retail players in India,  Aditya Birla Retail  launched its first supermarket,  more. n May, 2007. Since its launch, the  more. has had an aggressive roll out, reaching a total count of over 483 stores across India today. more. is your neighborhood supermarket which takes care of your everyday household needs. Spread across a wide range of products of food and non food items, ranging from basic necessities such as, fruits and vegetables, staples, personal care, home care, household care products, general merchandise, and dairy products,  more. provides a one stop solution for your grocery shopping needs.Also in store are essentials such as, innerwear, kids essentials, etc. With a range of over 4,000 products, we are able to fulfill your daily shopping needs all under one roof, at a convenient location close to you. The  more. promises a world class shopping experience, with a modern store layout, easy to shop with friendly staff at hand to provide assistance, electronic billing facilities and a colorful ambience. At  more. we offer branded food and grocery products sourced from the leading brands from all over India, along with private label brands from our own ortfolio – available in a broad selection for you, always giving you the best possible value for your money. Product & services:- At  more. we are committed to deliver quality and value to our customers and have a range of private label brands as well as commercially branded products, offering – 100% satisfaction on the quality of the products and services offered. more. hosts a range of private label brands across various categories that follow stringent quality norms, and are available in attractive prices and packaging.Our premium products give you the opportunity to enjoy these superior brands at competitive prices. We offer a wide choice of over 4000 products, ranging from fresh food to beverages, grocery t o household care products. Our assortment covers everything, from day-to-day essentials to traditional favorites, from delicious treats, to healthy alternatives To ensure the freshest supply of fruits and vegetables for you, we have built direct linkages with the farmers for daily supplies of farm fresh produce.Our stores are built with a modern and comfortable ambience, air conditioned and with speedy automated cashiering to help you shop better. We also have friendly in-store policies on exchange and returns that help you shop with ease and comfort. Furthermore, to make your shopping experience more rewarding with us, we at  more. offer a membership program  Clubmore. which reinforces our commitment to consistently add value to your shopping experience, and also to thank you for choosing to be a part ofmore.. As a  Clubmore. member, you are entitled to special benefits, besides the regular offers and promotions at  more..Clubmore. members will also have the benefit of rece iving exclusive SMS alerts for special offers on our products and services. Currently  Clubmore. has 3 million members enrolled for its loyalty program. Please refer to the table below for the product categories available in our stores : * Bakery  * * Beauty Concepts  * * Beverages * Basic Apparels * Cutlery & Cookware * Fruits & Vegetables * Frozen & Dairy Products * FMCG Products * Grocery * General Merchandise * Home Care Products| * Home Needs & Home Upkeep * Home Decor Products *Mobile Store  * * Personal Care & Cosmetics * Processed Food * Pharmacy  * * Ready to Cook/Prepared Food * Small White Appliances  * * Staples * Stationery * Women's Accessories| Offers and promotions:- t  more. , we have adopted a competitive pricing policy ensuring that you receive the best possible value. We retail a wide range of products below MRP. We also have a wide selection of products on attractive offers and promotions that help you get  more. from your shopping.You can expect to be pleasantly surprised at every visit to our store with attractive promotions such as † Buy and Get Free â€Å", discounts and special offers. From time to time, we also run festival promotions that help you shop for special and festive occasions. We also promote traditional favorites and local specialties during festivals to make your shopping experience convenient. At any given point in time, you will find a wide range of products on promotion which we offer to enable you to make the most of your shopping, help you try new products and get you better deals.We also run celebratory promotions that give you an opportunity to win attractive prizes such as cars, two wheelers, holiday packages, gift hampers and much more. Hypermarkets:- Glance:- With the launch of  more. MEGASTORE  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a hypermarket, in March 2008,  Aditya Birla Retail Ltd. expanded its footprint in large format retailing, which features both food and non-food products. Hypermarkets are what can b e described as a complete destination shopping area, where one can enjoy a day out with the entire family because of a simple fact that hypermarket consists of variety of options under just one roof.The result is a very large retail facility which carries an enormous range of products like grocery, fruits & vegetables, general merchandise, electronics, computers, mobile phones, apparel, footwear sports and FMCG products, with national, international and house brands all under a single roof. Currently, fourteen hypermarkets operate under the brand  more. MEGASTORE  in Mysore, Vadodara, Indore, Mahadevpura, Old Madras Road, Bull Temple Road & 4th Block Jayangar in Bengaluru, Mumbai, Saroor Nagar & Kukatpally in Hyderabad, Vashi, Rohini & Kirti Nagar in New Delhi & Nashik.Products & services:- Shopping was never more interesting and easy!! Now no more shop hopping from one shop to another, just to get your weekly shopping done, shopping for your various requirements are easily avai lable at just one stop at  more. MEGASTORE Products Covering large and spacious area,  more. MEGASTORE  offers you a wide range of products spanning across grocery, fruits & vegetables, general merchandise, electronic products, computers & accessories, mobile phones & accessories, apparels, footwear, sports and FMCG products and more at amazing prices and offers.Please refer to the table below for the product categories available in our stores: * Apparels – Men/ Women * Audio & Video (A & V) * Bakery * Beverages * Books and Audio & Video Products * Computer & Accessories * Do it yourself & Auto Accessories * Electronics * FMCG Products * Footwear * Frozen & Dairy Products * Fruits & Vegetables * Furniture * General Merchandise * Home Care Products * Home Decor Products * Home Needs & Home Upkeep| * Infant & Children's Apparels * Information Technology Products * Large White Appliances * Luggage * Mobile Phone & Accessories * Personal Care & Cosmetics * Processed Food * Ready to Cook/Prepared Food * Small White Appliances * Sporting Goods * Staples * Stationery * Sun Glasses & Fine Jewellery * Two Wheelers * Toys| Services For your additional benefit, Consumer Finance on electronics products such as: Audio & Video and Large White Appliance are available at  more. MEGASTORE Friendly Return & Exchange Policy * Hassle free Return & Exchange policy at  more. MEGASTORE * In case you change your mind, we at  more. MEGASTORE  would be pleased to exchange the same for you – no questions asked, as long as it is in its original packaging and accompanied by its invoice. In case, an exchange is not required, you will be issued a gift card equal to the billed value, which can be utilized within the store as per your convenience. Can't decide on the right gift? Run out of time? Let your friends and family get exactly what they want ! Pick the perfect gift with –  more. MEGASTORE  Gift Card smart, practical, and truly appreciated. Our gi ft cards are always the perfect gift which can be used at themore. MEGASTORE  by the recipient to purchase any gift of his/her choice any time. Offer and promotions:- Our destination hypermarket caters to your monthly, weekly and special occasion-based shopping requirements. more.MEGASTORE  is a one-stop shopping destination for your entire family, where we offer you a top-notch experience by giving you a wide spectrum of products, while making shopping affordable for you and your family. more. MEGASTORE  aims to bring international standards and operations on par with the rest of the global retailers, along with following the best quality norms for our private labels as well as for our manufacturers and partners which too abide by the same rule. Weekend getaway destination for the entire family Whether it's shopping for your daily / weekly household needs, checking out the latest in technology, trying out the bakery for freshly baked goodies, or simply relaxing at the  cafe more. with your friends and family,  more. MEGASTORE  has it all.From our wide array of new gadgets and latest fashion offered by our private label brand, as well as national & international brands,  more. MEGASTORE  offers you an extensive selection to choose from. Our goal at  more. MEGASTORE  is to ensure that you get an exceptional value for money, with great savings from our everyday low prices, and offers with megabuy, and our private label's promotional offers from  maha. saver, freya, essentials, pebble rock  andbig feet  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ there are always plenty of reasons to have a good time at  more. MEGASTORE http://www. morestore. com/index. html Big bazar:- Big Bazaar  is a chain of  hypermarket  in India. As of June 2, 2012 there are 214 stores across 90 cities and towns in India covering around 16 million sq. ft. of retail space.Big Bazaar is designed as an agglomeration of bazaars or Indian markets with clusters offering a wide range of merchandise including fashion and apparels, food products, general merchandise, furniture, electronics, books, fast food and leisure and entertainment sections. Big Bazaar is part of  Future Group, which also owns the  Central Hypermarket,  Brand Factory,  Pantaloons, eZONE, HomeTown, futurebazaar. com, KB's Fair Price to name a few and is owned through a wholly owned subsidiary of  Pantaloon Retail India  Limited. History:- Big Bazaar was launched in September, 2001 with the opening of its first four stores in  Calcutta,  Indore,  Bangalore  and  Hyderabad  in 22 days. Within a span of ten years, there are now 161 Big Bazaar stores in 90 cities and towns across India. By September 2012 BIG BAZAAR will have two more stores in North east namely SILCHAR and JORHAT in Assam.Big Bazaar was started by  Kishore Biyani, the Group CEO and Managing Director of  Pantaloon Retail India. Though Big Bazaar was launched purely as a fashion format including apparel, cosmetics, acc essory and general merchandise, over the years Big Bazaar has included a wide range of products and service offerings under their retail chain. The current formats includes Big Bazaar, Food Bazaar, Electronic Bazaar and Furniture Bazaar. The inspiration behind this entire retail format was from  Saravana Stores, a local store in  T. Nagar,  Chennai The stores are customized to provide the feel of mandis and melas  [2]  while offering the modern retail features like Quality, Choice and Convenience.As the modern Indian family's favorite retail store, Big Bazaar is popularly known as the â€Å"Indian  Walmart†. On successful completion of ten years in Indian retail industry, in 2011, Big Bazaar has come up a new logo with a new tag line: ‘Naye India Ka Bazaar’, replacing the earlier one: ‘Isse Sasta Aur Accha Kahin Nahin'. [3] Strategy:- 3-C Theory According to  Kishore Biyani's 3-C theory, Change and Confidence among the entire population is lea ding to rise in Consumption, through better employment and income which in turn is creating value to the agricultural products across the country. [4]  Big Bazaar has divided India into three segments: India one: Consuming class which includes upper middle and lower middle class (14% of India's population).India two: Serving class which includes people like drivers, household helps, office peons, liftmen, washermen, etc. (55% of India's population) and India three: Struggling class (remaining 31% of India's population). While Big Bazaar is targeted at the population across India one and India two segments, Aadhaar Wholesale is aimed at reaching the population in India three segment. With this,  Future Groupemerged as a retail destination for consumers across all classes in the Indian society. Operations:- Most Big Bazaar stores are multi-level and are located in stand-alone buildings in city centers as well as within shopping malls. These stores offer over 200,000 SKUs in a wide range of categories led primarily by fashion and food products.Food Bazaar, a supermarket format was incorporated within Big Bazaar in 2002 and is now present within every Big Bazaar as well as in independent locations. A typical Big Bazaar is spread across around 50,000 square feet (4,600  m2) of retail space. While the larger metropolises have Big Bazaar Family centres measuring between 75,000 square feet (7,000  m2) and 160,000 square feet (15,000  m2), Big Bazaar Express stores in smaller towns measure around 30,000 square feet (2,800  m2). Big Bazaar has the facility to purchase products online through its official web page, and offers free shipping on some of their products. [5] Innovations:- Wednesday bazaar:- Big Bazaar introduced the Wednesday Bazaar concept and promoted it as â€Å"Hafte Ka Sabse Sasta Din†.It was mainly to draw customers to the stores on Wednesdays, when least number of customers are observed. According to the chain, the aim of the concept is â€Å"to give home makers the power to save the most and even the stores in the city don a fresh look to make customers feel that it is their day†. [6] Sabse sasta din:- With a desire to achieve sales of Rs 26 Crore in a one single day, Big Bazaar introduced the concept of â€Å"Sabse Sasta Din†. The idea was to simply create a day in a year that truly belonged to Big Bazaar. This was launched on January 26, 2006 and the result was exceptional that police had to come in to control the mammoth crowd.The concept was such a huge hit that the offer was increased from one day to three days in 2009 (24 to 26 Jan) and to five days in 2011 (22-26 Jan). Maha bachat:- Maha Bachat was started off in 2006 as a single day campaign with attractive promotional offers across all Big Bazaar stores. Over the years it has grown into a 6 days biannual campaign. It has attractive offers in all its value formats such as Big Bazaar, Food Bazaar, Electronic Bazaar and Furniture Bazaar â⠂¬â€œ catering to the entire needs of a consumer. On February 12, 2009 Big Bazaar launched â€Å"The Great Exchange Offer†, through with the customers can exchange their old goods in for Big Bazaar coupons. Later, consumers can redeem these coupons for brand new goods across the nation.

Determinants of Health Inequity and Significance to Public Health

The move to promote social justice extends that of public health service in what we now deem as eradicating ‘health inequity. ’Contemporary public health has now evolved such that the scope not only covers merely that of sanitation, diet regulation, disease treatment and quarantine/control but also, on the deeper scope, finding roots of the socioeconomic problems associated with morbidity, mortality and the likes and eliminating or targetshooting the cause. Such resolution would necessitate finding out the fundamental causes of the differential health determinants along the scope of social gradient. Cohort studies on mortality and ‘deprivation’ used to analyze the relation on conditions between populations with different socioeconomic statuses and Chalmers and Capewell (2001) reveals that deprived people die from the same conditions as affluent people but earlier in terms of years or lifespan. But is deprivation merely a way of reducing the elements of health inequity? Scott (2005) illustrated the â€Å"layman† analysis on health inequity in the US. As a first world country, the economic state is considerably well-off compared to other states but there exists disparities in health care which is embedded both in the concurrent social system and the economic and health care policies. Scott exemplified the ‘disparities’ using three persons from different social strata with heart disease. It is not known if the ‘personas’ used by Scott were ‘real’ or ‘factual’ but the personas—John Miele (upper class Manhattan architect), Will Wilson (middle class office worker), and Ewa Rycnzac (lower class housekeeper) —do illustrate a window of social ladder and take us deeper into retrospective of the degree of health care accession and social approach these ‘personas’ are receiving. Classes predetermine the fate of health of the members of the state. The differences between accessions of health care are blatant; upper class John would have more chances of being healthy or, on the least, more liable to have the best of health care compared to Wilson and Ewa. Several elements are directly associated with the role of class in the health circumstances, ‘heart attack’, of the three personas: (a) location and accession to the best and afforded health service available; (2) education and income associated to health care accession; and (3) stress based on job types and control(4) social and networking and support of families and relatives. The ‘advantageous’ state is directly related to health outcomes and probability of survival. Herein, the high socioeconomic status enjoyed by Wilson gives him the capacity to act on his disability. In retrospect, there would be depreciation of ‘capacity’ or ‘advantage’ as the individual climbs below the social ladder. We note here that socioeconomic status and social gradient denotes ‘relativity’ (Lynch 2000) in health equity. Thus, we can say that there is an empirical element in this particular social injustice. Scott (2005) merely enunciated perceptions of health inequity and did not dwell deeper into the structural causes of inequality. What is exactly the linkage between socioeconomic statuses (SES) and social gradient on public health? According to Lynch (2000), the causal relation between income inequity and health can be best explained by neomaterial interpretation —differential accumulation of exposures and experiences that have their sources in the material world—and differences in individual income. Herein, the neomaterial interpretation dabbles on a the thought that the conglomeration of ‘negative exposures’ and ‘lack of resources’ held by individuals, along with systematic underinvestment across a wide range of human, physical, health, and social infrastructure. Lynch’s explanation reveals not only the an explanation of health inequity but also the aggravation of several social dilemmas which, naturally, pulls social justice down. Additionally, it is also noted here is that Lynch (2000) disposed the idea of psychosocial effect to explain the social crux. Marmot (2002) the epidemiological perspective on health inequity and Lynch (2000), he also stipulated the role of ‘income’ or ‘resources’ in health inequity. He added that: †¦income is causally associated with health through a direct effect on the material conditions necessary for biological survival, and through an effect on social participation and opportunity to control life circumstances (p. 31) He attributed the health inequity to poor material conditions and lack of social participation. Poor material conditions have been atypified above in the case of Scott (2000) and the different personas that he used to illustrate ‘dis/advantages’ within the social ladder. Marmot (2002) explained this ‘resource availability’ in terms of threshold; an individual and his ability to become a recipient of health care [services] indirectly depends on the range of resources. A typical resource is the income of the individual. Incomes relatively determine the amount of ‘spending’ or investments individuals attribute to health care. Poverty is, again, not the cause of health inequity. Other factors like ignorance, condition/type of the immediate community, and other exogenous factors (e. g. disease-related factors) correlate directly to health inequity. Although Marmot (2002) refused to acknowledge that it may also stem from ‘deprivation’, I contend that it is affected by it. Suffice it is to say that the standard of living is indirectly affected by resources then ‘deprivation’ affects public health. What the government, the public and all the individuals concerned should accomplish is to utilize the knowledge on fundamentals of health inequity, to create intervention tactics to combat the problem. In an attempt to reduce the effects of the destructive social gradient pre-existing within the community, Marmot (20002) exaggeratedly suggested ‘income redistribution. ’ The approach was obviously non-feasible and non-pragmatic and would defy the economic and political foundations of the state. What would be more feasible is creating policies that would, on the least, reduce the gaps between the advantageous ‘higher income’ strata and the lower echelons of the society.