Collective Bargaining and Pay Inequity in the Public Sector - 1650 Words

Collective Bargaining and Pay Inequity in the Public Sector (Research Paper Sample) Content: NameTutorCourseDateIssue Paper: Collective Bargaining and Pay Inequity in the Public SectorWage and salary issues are crucial in industrial relations because payment of labor is one of defining aspects of the employment relationship. Further, wage and salary issues are the most conspicuous among employees collective concerns, indicating that payment of labor constitutes an important area in collective bargaining (Pillinger 1). Pay inequity in the public sector remains an area of great concern even in the unfolding 21st century, as evident in gender and minority inequality in compensation (Antonczyk, Fitzenberger, and Sommerfeld 1-2). Reviewing expert evidence reveals that the fate of pay equity lies in the prospects of collective bargaining, which translates to a heightened need for concerted collective bargaining efforts and employee unionism to deal with the problem of wage and salaries inequalities decisively (Dorning). As a result, public administrators should sup port unionism and help remove restrictions that limit public service collective bargaining as a way of addressing pay inequity.Unionization and Pay InequityAddressing income inequities among employees is one of the many goals of collective bargaining. In a Department for Professional Employees report, Dorning argues that unions allowing collective bargaining are a crucial tool in countering gender and minority inequities in wages and salaries. The scholar notes disparities in gender and minority communities representation in collective bargaining. In this case, only 11.1% of female workers, 13.4% of African American workers, and 10% of Hispanic workers, 10.9% of Asian workers were unionized as of 2010. However, the proportion taking part in collective bargaining fairs better in wages and salaries equality than their nonunionized counterparts. For instance, Dorning cites 2010 statistics indicating that unionized females earned $217 extra per week (25.3%) more than nonunionized female workers did, indicating that collective bargaining helped their case. Further, African American, Asian, and Hispanic minority communities earned 23.7%, 7.4%, and 33.6% extra per week respectively when compared to their nonunionized counterparts.The US Bureau of Labor Statistics confirms Dornings observations through recent statistics, establishing the remuneration comparisons between unionized and nonunionized employees in 2012 and 2013. The Bureaus 2014 economic news release indicates that the median weekly earnings of female employees represented by unions was $865 compared to $663 for nonunionized female employees in 2012, and $893 versus $676 in 2013, respectively. The difference was even bigger for minority communities, with unionized African Americans earning $784 compared to $559 for their nonunionized counterparts in 2012 (US Bureau of Labor Statistics). The same pattern was consistent for Hispanics and Asians in both 2012 and 2013. These observations indicate that collecti ve bargaining is useful in correcting pay inequity in todays workplaces.The Equalizing Effect of Collective BargainingThe rationale behind the aforementioned statistics and observations arises from the equalizing effect of collective bargaining on employee compensation, which remains true whether in the public or private sector. Brown, Marginson, and Walsh (33) describe the sword of justice effect of trade unions, indicating that unionization tends to encompass lower-waged employees within the scope of collective bargaining. Given that parties such as female employees and minorities are commonly among the low-waged, such an effect of collective bargaining ends up reversing pay inequity. Further, collective bargaining tends to tie pay rates to jobs rather than performance criteria or individual productivity. The net result is that the wages and salaries of unionized employees are less dispersed compared to those of nonunionized employees, indicating that collective bargaining has an equalizing effect on earning distribution. According to Pillinger (4-5), public sector trade unions have accumulated enormous experience in agitating for equal pay, especially in developed countries. For instance, unending gender pay gaps in the public sector have inspired employee unions to reassess their pay equity strategies and seek more proactive strategies. Such strategies explain why collective bargaining has contributed to more equitable pay. For instance, Pillinger (4) notes that public service collective bargaining not only promotes pay equity through campaigns, but also has wide experience in taking cases of inequity through courts. Public service trade unions have also contributed to the establishment of performance evaluation techniques that are free from bias and discrimination that would have resulted in inequitable compensation for some parties or individuals. Further, these unions are always developing new strategies through which to mainstream pay inequity into col lective bargaining, which means that pay equity grows alongside unionism (5).Blackett and Sheppard (28-34) also explore how collective bargaining remedies inequality and discrimination in wages and salaries in the modern workplace, noting that unions apply anti-discrimination clauses and proactive or affirmative action clauses in collective agreements. One of the areas in which collective agreement clauses tackle anti-discrimination is in terms of wages and salaries, where collective bargaining may have a strong focus in ensuring that pay inequity does not arise in workplaces. Collective agreements may have clauses dictating against discrimination in compensation. Whereas the aforementioned antidiscrimination clauses route to pay equity tends towards retroactive redress to wage discrimination, collective agreements also pursue proactive measures that promote pay equity. Here, Blackett and Sheppard (31) indicate that collective agreements focus on proactive policies meant to identify and eradicate systemic inequalities in workplaces, one of which is wages and salaries. Such proactive employment equity and affirmative action moves contained in collective bargaining crucially occur in tandem with legislative reforms, which are of crucial importance in the public sector. Implications for Public Sector Collective BargainingWhereas the previous sections underpin the view that collective bargaining is crucial in the bid to end public sector pay inequity, there is an emerging trend in which public sector collective bargaining is facing opposition. According to Slater (1), recent times have seen salient and widespread attacks on public sector collective bargaining, which does not bode well for the question of wages and salaries discrimination in the sector. Whereas the private sector continues to develop strong employee collective action, unionization has been under attack in states such as Ohio and Wisconsin while other states also have such anti-collective bargaining inclinations underway. Political developments and public administration attitudes are among some of the reasons behind the detractions against public sector collective bargaining. Although long considered an example of labor law success, collective bargaining is now a tool through which the two political parties engage in competition and squabbles. For instance, Slater (1-2) notes that Republican-inclining states were quick to rescind state workers collective power or criticize it after the previous elections, arguing that public employees were becoming a privileged class. Another perspective of attacks on public service collective bargaining arises from the view that public employees did not suffer the same consequences of the 2008 economic depression as their private sector counterparts. As a result, critics and detractors view collective bargaining as unnecessary in the public sector.The 2008 economic decline also brings another public administration perspective upon which publi c sector collective power is criticized. In this case, some parties feel that collective bargaining through public employee unions has led to heightened pay and benefits, which have contributed to the fiscal crises affecting state and local governments since 2008 (Lewin et al. 2-3). Further, public sector collective bargaining for wages appears undesirable because the sector does not make m... Collective Bargaining and Pay Inequity in the Public Sector - 1650 Words Collective Bargaining and Pay Inequity in the Public Sector (Research Paper Sample) Content: NameTutorCourseDateIssue Paper: Collective Bargaining and Pay Inequity in the Public SectorWage and salary issues are crucial in industrial relations because payment of labor is one of defining aspects of the employment relationship. Further, wage and salary issues are the most conspicuous among employees collective concerns, indicating that payment of labor constitutes an important area in collective bargaining (Pillinger 1). Pay inequity in the public sector remains an area of great concern even in the unfolding 21st century, as evident in gender and minority inequality in compensation (Antonczyk, Fitzenberger, and Sommerfeld 1-2). Reviewing expert evidence reveals that the fate of pay equity lies in the prospects of collective bargaining, which translates to a heightened need for concerted collective bargaining efforts and employee unionism to deal with the problem of wage and salaries inequalities decisively (Dorning). As a result, public administrators should sup port unionism and help remove restrictions that limit public service collective bargaining as a way of addressing pay inequity.Unionization and Pay InequityAddressing income inequities among employees is one of the many goals of collective bargaining. In a Department for Professional Employees report, Dorning argues that unions allowing collective bargaining are a crucial tool in countering gender and minority inequities in wages and salaries. The scholar notes disparities in gender and minority communities representation in collective bargaining. In this case, only 11.1% of female workers, 13.4% of African American workers, and 10% of Hispanic workers, 10.9% of Asian workers were unionized as of 2010. However, the proportion taking part in collective bargaining fairs better in wages and salaries equality than their nonunionized counterparts. For instance, Dorning cites 2010 statistics indicating that unionized females earned $217 extra per week (25.3%) more than nonunionized female workers did, indicating that collective bargaining helped their case. Further, African American, Asian, and Hispanic minority communities earned 23.7%, 7.4%, and 33.6% extra per week respectively when compared to their nonunionized counterparts.The US Bureau of Labor Statistics confirms Dornings observations through recent statistics, establishing the remuneration comparisons between unionized and nonunionized employees in 2012 and 2013. The Bureaus 2014 economic news release indicates that the median weekly earnings of female employees represented by unions was $865 compared to $663 for nonunionized female employees in 2012, and $893 versus $676 in 2013, respectively. The difference was even bigger for minority communities, with unionized African Americans earning $784 compared to $559 for their nonunionized counterparts in 2012 (US Bureau of Labor Statistics). The same pattern was consistent for Hispanics and Asians in both 2012 and 2013. These observations indicate that collecti ve bargaining is useful in correcting pay inequity in todays workplaces.The Equalizing Effect of Collective BargainingThe rationale behind the aforementioned statistics and observations arises from the equalizing effect of collective bargaining on employee compensation, which remains true whether in the public or private sector. Brown, Marginson, and Walsh (33) describe the sword of justice effect of trade unions, indicating that unionization tends to encompass lower-waged employees within the scope of collective bargaining. Given that parties such as female employees and minorities are commonly among the low-waged, such an effect of collective bargaining ends up reversing pay inequity. Further, collective bargaining tends to tie pay rates to jobs rather than performance criteria or individual productivity. The net result is that the wages and salaries of unionized employees are less dispersed compared to those of nonunionized employees, indicating that collective bargaining has an equalizing effect on earning distribution. According to Pillinger (4-5), public sector trade unions have accumulated enormous experience in agitating for equal pay, especially in developed countries. For instance, unending gender pay gaps in the public sector have inspired employee unions to reassess their pay equity strategies and seek more proactive strategies. Such strategies explain why collective bargaining has contributed to more equitable pay. For instance, Pillinger (4) notes that public service collective bargaining not only promotes pay equity through campaigns, but also has wide experience in taking cases of inequity through courts. Public service trade unions have also contributed to the establishment of performance evaluation techniques that are free from bias and discrimination that would have resulted in inequitable compensation for some parties or individuals. Further, these unions are always developing new strategies through which to mainstream pay inequity into col lective bargaining, which means that pay equity grows alongside unionism (5).Blackett and Sheppard (28-34) also explore how collective bargaining remedies inequality and discrimination in wages and salaries in the modern workplace, noting that unions apply anti-discrimination clauses and proactive or affirmative action clauses in collective agreements. One of the areas in which collective agreement clauses tackle anti-discrimination is in terms of wages and salaries, where collective bargaining may have a strong focus in ensuring that pay inequity does not arise in workplaces. Collective agreements may have clauses dictating against discrimination in compensation. Whereas the aforementioned antidiscrimination clauses route to pay equity tends towards retroactive redress to wage discrimination, collective agreements also pursue proactive measures that promote pay equity. Here, Blackett and Sheppard (31) indicate that collective agreements focus on proactive policies meant to identify and eradicate systemic inequalities in workplaces, one of which is wages and salaries. Such proactive employment equity and affirmative action moves contained in collective bargaining crucially occur in tandem with legislative reforms, which are of crucial importance in the public sector. Implications for Public Sector Collective BargainingWhereas the previous sections underpin the view that collective bargaining is crucial in the bid to end public sector pay inequity, there is an emerging trend in which public sector collective bargaining is facing opposition. According to Slater (1), recent times have seen salient and widespread attacks on public sector collective bargaining, which does not bode well for the question of wages and salaries discrimination in the sector. Whereas the private sector continues to develop strong employee collective action, unionization has been under attack in states such as Ohio and Wisconsin while other states also have such anti-collective bargaining inclinations underway. Political developments and public administration attitudes are among some of the reasons behind the detractions against public sector collective bargaining. Although long considered an example of labor law success, collective bargaining is now a tool through which the two political parties engage in competition and squabbles. For instance, Slater (1-2) notes that Republican-inclining states were quick to rescind state workers collective power or criticize it after the previous elections, arguing that public employees were becoming a privileged class. Another perspective of attacks on public service collective bargaining arises from the view that public employees did not suffer the same consequences of the 2008 economic depression as their private sector counterparts. As a result, critics and detractors view collective bargaining as unnecessary in the public sector.The 2008 economic decline also brings another public administration perspective upon which publi c sector collective power is criticized. In this case, some parties feel that collective bargaining through public employee unions has led to heightened pay and benefits, which have contributed to the fiscal crises affecting state and local governments since 2008 (Lewin et al. 2-3). Further, public sector collective bargaining for wages appears undesirable because the sector does not make m...

The Great Gatsby, the Stock-Market Crash and the...

The Twenties was a time when people did not care about anything besides having fun. The average person had a job, the economy was flourishing, foreign trade was on the rise and the stock market was booming (The Crash †¦ and Beyond.). President Hoover said, during his inaugural address, I have no fears for the future of our country. It is bright with hope but by the end of 1929 he would regret those inspiring words (Hoover). During a time when people were living the American Dream, few were prepared for or expected the stock market crash and the American nightmare that continued through the 1930s. â€Å"The cars from New York are parked five deep in the drive, and already the halls and salons and verandas are gaudy with†¦show more content†¦He did not have great wealth and despised the average rich person who abused their money instead of noticing the value of what they actually have. Gatsby attempted to use this money, like others, to achieve his dream of marrying Daisy, however failed. These bad habits learned during this time caused the Great Depression, which ruined the lives of many who enjoyed prosperity before. Many opportunities arose out of the growing popularity of the automobile. City-dwellers started to move to the suburbs where they had front-lawns, large houses and playgrounds for their kids. Employees could drive to and from work every day in the city, and suburbs provided a false sense of security because of their layout and openness. Family vacations were made possible by the â€Å"weekend†, created from a reduction in work to 5-day weeks. People sought the need to spend whatever money they received on new technologies of the age. People purchased radios, cars, telephones, and microwaves, and participated in the latest fads and fashions (The Crash †¦ and Beyond.). To purchase all these glamorous products, people had to make money. During this time, wives started to look for jobs and while they were not wel come at first, their expertise in certain areas could not be beat. With a mother and father both working, families could finally start to afford the luxuries they desired. They consideredShow MoreRelatedSymbolisms in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay846 Words   |  4 Pagesas memorable as the green light in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Shining at the end of Daisy’s dock, it is close enough to be seen, but too far away to be reached. Still, Gatsby, an eternal optimist, stares at it at night, as if it showed him that all his far-away dreams were about to come true. The green light in The Great Gatsby is symbolic of hope, a source of inspiration, and a representation of the American Dream to Gatsby and to the novel’s readers. Gatsby’s aspirations reflect theRead MoreThe American Dream1927 Words   |  8 PagesThe American Dream: Is it fact or fiction? In the United States’ Declaration of Independence, the founding fathers set forth the idea of an American Dream by providing the American people with the recognizable phrase â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness† (USHistory.org). The green light at the end of Daisy Buchanan’s dock symbolizes Jay Gatsby’s â€Å"pursuit of Happiness† in the novel, The Great Gatsby, set in the 1920s on Long Island, New York (Fitzgerald, F. Scott). The American Dream is definedRead MoreEssay about Of Mice and Men By John Steinbeck3008 Words   |  13 PagesMen? 2. To what extent is it correct that The Great Gatsby, Death of a Salesman and Of Mice and Men explore important, but different aspects of ‘The American Dream’? 3. What is the importance of dreams and dreaming to the success of Of Mice and Men? A. Background Information Describe the historical background to the novel i.e. the USA in the mid/late 1930’s The USA of the mid and late 1930 was still suffering from the Great Depression. Many thousands were unemployed andRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pages.................................................................................... 5 Christopher Columbus (â€Å"Discoverer† of the New World?)........................................................................ 7 Sacajawea (Mysterious Native American Guide) ....................................................................................... 9 Artists, Authors, and Musicians: Bob Dylan (â€Å"The Prophet of Rock and Roll†) ......................................................................

The Debate Over The Future Of Education Essay - 1385 Words

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Currently in the United States, the argument over education is centered around three major topics, how schools should be structured, the merits of a standardized education, and what is it important for people to know in this day and age. In truth, however, all of these questions can be boiled down to a simpler, more fundamental question: Who has the power to control what the next generation learns? One of the prime conflicts over the tropic of education in America in the recent years has been the school structure itself. Many conflicts abound from this at both the higher and lower institutional levels. Specifically, the most prevalentShow MoreRelatedChapter Six Of America s Teachers833 Words   |  4 PagesReading chapter six of America’s Teachers: An Introduction to Education (Newman, 2006) reminded me of the Barenaked Ladies song It’s All Been Done (Page, 1998). 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Taking a Look at the Science of Dreams - 1411 Words

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News Coverage of September 11th, 2001 Essay - 1649 Words

The attack that occurred on September 11th, 2001 on the World Trade Center in New York City is an event that lingers in the minds of many Americans and other people throughout the world. Most people can recall exactly where they were and whom they were with when they first heard about the airplanes crashing into the towers. It was a day that changed the way people looked at the world and brought to light the realities that even the wealthiest and most military advanced country was not safe from acts of terrorism. The dangers posed by religious extremist were being carried out on national and international news outlets live in front of millions if not billions of people worldwide. 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Bush s President Of Texas1685 Words   |  7 PagesBorn in July 6, 1946, George W. Bush, America’s 43rd president, served in the White House office from 2001 to 2009. Before coming into the White House, he was the oldest son of former 41st U.S. President George H. W. Bush, who was also a two-term Republican governor of the state of Texas. George W. Bush was a graduate of Yale University and Harvard Business majoring in business administration. George W. Bush worked in the Texas oil industry and he was also an owner of the Texas Rangers baseballRead MoreEssay on Media Coverage2618 Words   |  11 PagesMedia Coverage Before modern mass media was at hand, giant news events could not be made known to the public until long after they occurred. The media has always made disasters and wars the large news stories. These have always been the prime news events for the last few decades. 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This is done so that they may provoke some kind of political and/or social change. Since the terrorist attacks on September 11th 2001, there has been a lot of controversy on why terrorist attacks are so frequent in the United States. By doing some research I have found that there are several possible answers to this question. This paper will explore the possibilities andRead MoreDelta Airline Case1312 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of Case In the case study changing Dynamics of the U.S. Airline industry were discuss and dealt with. Between 2001 and 2005, Delta Airlines, the third largest U.S. Airline, lost $10 billion. Delta wanted to increase its liquidity so they decided to sell its subsidiary Atlantic Southeast Airlines to Sky West Airline for $425 million in August 2005. Analysts believed that Delta was on the merge of bankruptcy. The Civil Aeronautics Board 9cab) imposed major restriction on marketing entry and

Delegation free essay sample

Burnout†Even the most talented, ambltlous, and energetic entrepreneurs are apt to run out of gas If they nsist on tackling all major aspects of a companys operation. Some small business Indeed, some small businesses†especially single-person enterprises like freelance graphics design or editorial services†may be able to handle all significant aspects of a companys operation for years on end. But for the vast majority of small and mid- sized businesses enjoying a measure of growth, owners sooner or later must face the reality that they cannot undertake all duties and responsibilities. Misallocation of Personal Resources†Small business owners and entrepreneurs who do not delegate ften run the risk of using too much of their time on routine tasks and not enough time on vital aspects of the companys future, such as strategic planning, long-range budgeting, and marketing campaigns. Damage to Company Image†Business owners who do not empower their employees, insisting instead on attending to all relevant aspects of his or her business themselves, run the risk of inadvertently suggesting to customers and vendors that the companys workforce is not competent and/or trustworthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Delegation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Damage to Company Health†this should be the bottom-line consideration of all entrepreneurs running their own business. If micromanagement s slowing processing of work orders, hindering development of new marketing efforts, or otherwise causing bottlenecks in any areas of a companys operation, then it may be eating away at the companys fundamental financial well-being. Small business owners are encouraged to evaluate whether they are perhaps falling into the trap of micromanagement. Consultants and entrepreneurs cite the following as major warning signs: Taking work home in the evening or working long hours of overtime Failure to give important tasks the amount of attention that they warrant Basic company documents (like business plans) are not updated for long periods

Economists Discover Miracle Hangover Cure Drink Less -Free sample

Question: Discuss about the Economists Discover Miracle Hangover Cure. Answer: From the article Economists discover miracle hangover cure: drink less, Jessica Irvine writes about the opportunity cost of an individual having an extra beer. The writer considers the options that are available to an individual, and how the choices he makes can affect his efficiency. Opportunity cost arises from the scarcity of resources that human beings have coupled with their desire to satisfy all their wants. In addition to this, rational human beings will always want to maximise utility(Salvatore, 2011). Utility is the satisfaction derived from consuming an economic good. Opportunity cost is the cost of the foregone option amongst a variety of choices that a consumer has. In other words, it is the benefit that an individual could have enjoyed, but gave it up for another option. It arises from trying to satisfy the wants that an individual has using the scarce resources available. To study the opportunity cost of tis individual, we have to make a number of assumptions. These assumptions include: The individual has a number of wants that he would like to satisfy at a time using the available resources. Economists know that human wants are unlimited in number. The individual has limited resources that he can use to satisfy the desires at a particular time. Resources are limited in nature. The desires of the individual vary in intensity and urgency. Some desires are more important and urgent than others and have to be satisfied earlier while the less important and urgent can be postponed. The individual is a rational consumer. Rationality here implies that the consumer will want to maximise utility and derive the most satisfaction from consuming a commodity using the last possible resources. In coming up with a model for study ineconomics it is important to state assumptions an example of which are those stated above in the study of the choices and the costs involved in such decision making processes.Economics is a science that deals with laws just like any other science. However,economics is a science that studies human behaviour and humans change behaviour very often depending on the conditions and circumstances that they are in at that particular time. In this case,economics deals with processes that are complex and contain a lot of information. Assumptions in economic models simplify the processes and make them easier to understand the issue relating to human behaviour. Through the statement of assumptions, an economist is able to simplify an economic process and gain an easier understanding for study. Assumptions break down the complex process and allows the economist to develop a theory focussing only on the most relevant variables. This theory can later be applied to more complex cases for further studies. For instance, we assume that the consumer portrays rational behaviour in decision-making and will always want to maximise utility. This way we can construct a theory on how the consumer will make choices and allocate resources. In reality however, human beings behave differently but we can apply the theory based on the assumption to study the general behaviour of people. In the case of Chris from the article, we assume that he is rational and will make the most rational decision. If he chooses to go home and play on his PlayStation, he will have to forego having an additional beer. By doing this he will not enjoy the extra beer and the chance of having a god time with his colleagues (even though he is not much of a drinker and is a loner). The foregone opportunity is the opportunity cost that he incurs. The writer argues that, Hangovers are only possible because ordinary humans often do not fit the model of rational individuals prescribed by economists. To support this argument she reasons that people are not always conscious of the consequences of their actions. Although they may have an idea of the consequences from previous experiences, circumstances usually change and the results of a choice may vary. Furthermore, people will rarely think critically and consider all costs involved, including opportunity costs, in making decisions. We tend to make simple decisions regardless of all the opportunities available and we often succumb to herd behaviour. This is especially true especially to the younger generation who will always want to experience a lot within the shortest time possible and end up making rush decisions. Nevertheless, with age comes experience and as they grow older, they learn to consider all the available options and make rational decisions. Economic agents faced day-to-day scenarios where they have to make decisions that involve foregoing another option. They have to choose the next best alternative to maximise utility and this choice should be the one that minimises opportunity cost. The agent does not have a superior or better method of allocating resources for any available choice(Mankiw. Parthenakis., 2014). This implies that any rational choice is the one with the highest net benefits and the lowest net costs. The assumption here is that the choices are always rational. The economic agent can always change his decision to the most rational because he wants to derive the most satisfaction using the least cost. For example Chris prefers to go home and play on his PlayStation rather than have an extra beer which will cos him more money and result in a hangover the following morning. By deciding to drink more, he will reduce his efficiency. Therefore, he makes the rational decision; changes his mind and goes home. This article not only makes sense in theory, but also in practice. It explains the theory of opportunity cost in the best way possible that any individual can relate with. We can be able to see the consequences of the choices we make on a daily basis and how best to consider the options at hand before making a decision that will affect our objective of utility maximisation. Although it may seem as overkill to consider the cost and benefits in all circumstances, it is always wise to be a rational consumer. References Frank, R. H., Cartwright, E. (2016).Microeconomics and behaviour. Goolsbee, A., Levitt, S. D., Syverson, C. (2016).Microeconomics. Hill, R., Myatt, T. (2010).The economics anti-textbook: A critical thinker's guide to microeconomics. Black Point, N.S: Fernwood Pub. International Economic Association., Agarwal, B., Vercelli, A., Palgrave Connect (Online service). (2005).Psychology, rationality, and economic behaviour: Challenging standard assumptions. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan in association with International Economic Association. Lesourne, J., Orle?an, A., Walliser, B. (2006).Evolutionary microeconomics. (Springer e-books.) Berlin: Springer. Mankiw, G., Parthenakis, A . (2014).Principles Of Microeconomics, 7th Edition. Andover: CENGAGE Learning. Mankiw, N. G. (2018).Principles of microeconomics. Salvatore, D. (2009).Principles of microeconomics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Salvatore, D., Salvatore, D. (2011).Microeconomics. New York: McGraw Hill. Varian, H R, Ed. (2010).Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach. New Delhi: East-West Press.