Peter Eisenman; Building Germany, the Holocaust memorial

The onset of the year 1933 in Germany was marked by the inauguration of the Nazi government into power. This government orchestrated the mass murder of the Jewish settlers in their country; Germany. These killings were methodical, technical and were financed by the Nazi government. In total, by the end of the Second World War, about six million had died as a result of the activities of the Nazi and its allies.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Peter Eisenman; Building Germany, the Holocaust memorial specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This event was named the holocaust, a Greek word that meant to ‘sacrifice by fire’. The proponents to this state of affairs (the Nazis) were spurred on by the feeling that theirs’ was a superior race and the Jews were the inferior, and for that they were a foreign threat to their race and their sovereignty. The Jews were not the Nazi’s only victims during the holocaust, other casualties were the weak and disabled people in the society, who were killed on the pretext of the Euthanasia program. This program involved isolating the mentally ill and the disabled people (both adults and children) in the German society, keeping them in some form of concentration camps under the pretext of medicating them. The whole agenda behind this was that the Nazis wanted a perfect society, one representation of their own perceptions of themselves, and they could stop at nothing (Gilberts, 21). These people were collected and murdered in the concentration camps through overdose of medication and keeping them hungry. Children as young as three years who showed or had any symptoms of mental disorders were also killed. The other category of people affected in Germany is those who had been serving the German households as workers and slaves to their farms; these included the Russians and the Polish. Politics, contrasting and differing opinions, weird charac teristics that were not at par with the accepted social norms like homosexuality were given as the reason as to why other people were prosecuted. The people in this group included those with communist ideas, the socialists, and the people who belonged to the church called Jehovah’s witnesses. When the Nazi took over, the Jewish population was over nine million, but as it would happen, they lived in countries that Germany would later conquer or have direct influence over their affairs during the Second World War. Around ten years after they took control of government, the Nazis had killed two out of every three Jews, though some two hundred thousand people with mental cases, mostly Germans had been killed through the Euthanasia program. The Germans and the people who supported them during this ghastly acts mini-estate they referred to as ghettos and other concentration camps, this was to help them monitor the number of the Jews in their country as well as to make it easier whe n they would later depot them. With time the soviet republic became subject to German rule as they had been conquered by Hitler’s troupes in the year 1941. Organized killing units, then referred to as â€Å"Einsatzgruppen† trailed The German forces(Gilberts, 65).Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They carried out mass-execution of the Jews, the people of the soviet republic and officials of the communist party in the Soviet. These people mentioned above were mainly killed using the gassing facilities, where they were held in confinement and poisoned the air they inhaled inside the chambers causing instant death. This led to the death of millions of Jewish men women and children, until several years down the line when other forces came together and led a series of attacks against the German forces. In spite of this, they still came across people of the Jewish race in dea th matches and other prisoners. The allied forces piled pressure on Germany until May 7, 1945, when they were downed their tools in defeat (Gilberts, 75). After this, the distraught survivors of the Holocaust obtained protection from Displaced persons camps which had been put up by an alliance of the allied forces that thrashed Hitler’s army. The three years after the holocaust witnessed mass movement of the Jews to Israel and other countries. The Holocaust memorial is a commemorative building designed by architect Peter Eisenman and another Engineer Buro Haplod. It has been put up one block to the North of Brandenburg, in Friedrichstadt. Structurally, the building is erected on a nineteen thousand square meter parcel of land, calculated to round up to 4.7 acres of land. Its construction began in April 2003after much hullabaloo from the political sides. By December 15th 2004 construction was complete, but its inauguration was delayed up to May 10th 2005, when it would coincid e with the day the Second World War ended. It was open to the public on May 12th 2005. The total cost of construction was put at around twenty five million Euros (Eisenman, 24). The construction of the memorial was not an easy task as it faced setbacks from every quarter of the German population and even the international community. The quest to erect a memorial as a memento to the atrocities of the past was driven by a journalist called Lea Rosh, and in 1989 formed a group that would advocate for its construction and help source for funds. As time went by, more and more people supported their initiative and the Bundestag resolved that the project should go on. The design of the memorial was obtained in a rather funny way. Artists were called over and requested to give their designs on what they think the memorial should be (Eisenman, 31). It was so open to the point that the only rules outlined were that whatever their designs, their construction costs should not surpass Twenty fiv e million Euros.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Peter Eisenman; Building Germany, the Holocaust memorial specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Quality was stressed upon, and the submissions were to be vetted by judges whose professions revolved around art, architecture, history, politics and other dimensions and fields the symbolic building would represent. Over five hundred proposals were submitted, and the jury would start their work on January 15th 1995 led by their chairman, Walter Jens, of getting the submissions. The days that followed would witness the elimination of all but thirteen of the submitted designs after thorough scrutiny. As pre arranged earlier, the jury met again on the 15th of March, and this time eleven of the submissions were brought back to the contest as had been requested by some judges. In the months that followed, thorough review of the submissions led to the recommendations by the j ury; an enquiry into whether the costs of some two top most designs would be completed within the price range given. The concept behind one of the finalist’s submission was that of Simon Ungers, a native of Humburg. It entailed an 85x 85M square girders that were made of steel (Eisenman, 73). The girders were placed above concrete blocks situated at the corners, and on this they would display the names of the various concentration camps. This would further be projected into visibility to the people around by sunlight. The other design which reached the final two was a project by Cristine Jackob-Marks. The idea behind her design was that of a concrete plate whose dimensions measured 100x 100 M, and its thickness 7M thick. It could lie at an angle, and reached a peak of eleven meters, special paths to tread had been designed in the structure. The names of the victims of the holocaust were to be written on the concrete slab, and spaces left for people whose names were still a my stery. The plans to these designs were to be finally vetted by the then chancellor, Helmut Kohl. In 1997, the Bundestag decided on Peter Eisenman’s design of the project through another round of the competition. He had modified his design by attaching a source of information or museum close to the memorial center (Eisenman, 125).Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another incident that almost bugged the construction and put to question the credibility of method of sourcing companies was the Degussa incident. This was a big issue in the country that was trying to forget what it had gone through and live as one nation. The company had in a big way contributed to the state persecution of Jews. One of its associate companies was involved in the production of Zyklon B, a gaseous substance that had been used by the regime to kill the Jews in the concentration camps. This made the construction of the memorial to be stopped so that the pending issues could be resolved. After lengthy discussions they decided to proceed with the construction, since they could not exclude all the Nazi companies out of the project (Eisenman, 163). Many people debated on the Degusa incident while the architect himself did not have an issue working with the company. Their resolution set the stage for the completion of the project. December 15th 2004 marked the completion o f the project, and was dedicated on May 10th the following year; this coincided with their 60th commemorations of the V-E day. It was opened to the public a few days later and estimates show that on the first year alone the memorial center received about 3.5 million visitors and the number has grown ever since. This term paper on Peter Eisenman; Building Germany, the Holocaust memorial was written and submitted by user Sawyer Simpson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Studying The Chrysanthemums John Steinbeck English Literature Essay Essay Example

Studying The Chrysanthemums John Steinbeck English Literature Essay Essay Example Studying The Chrysanthemums John Steinbeck English Literature Essay Paper Studying The Chrysanthemums John Steinbeck English Literature Essay Paper involves sexual tenseness and vesture. Elisa changes her visual aspect both emotionally and physically by dressing otherwise and moving otherwise towards both Henry and the Tinker. There is sexual tenseness between Elisa and the Tinker because of his involvement in her work. Her hubby comment early in the narrative, I wish you d work out in the grove and raise some apples that large ( Steinbeck 46 ) concludes that he has minimum involvement in her and her work. Once the Tinker has gone and left, she is filled with assurance and completes a entire makeover. Through her vesture we have seen differences in gender. At first she started out have oning apparels that were manlier, meaning that she wanted to be populating a adult male s life and non experience trapped. She envied the life of the Tinker and wanted to be on the route merely as he was. Once she has been told they were traveling out to dinner she is overjoyed with the fact that her hubby noticed her as more than a garden work er. She dresses in her finest apparels and shows a different individual than we have seen throughout the narrative. Just like a flower, she is pretty looking! Henry tells Elisa she looks nice, and strong. It is shown there that Elisa and Henrys relationship is non normal. The male laterality by Henry there shows Elisa is non much more than a homemaker and nurseryman. The inquiry of why is asked by Elisa because she feels offended and unsure of what his exact significance of nice is. She feels really confident in herself and the difference work forces have over adult females at this clip is melting in her caput. Elisa became comfy with the feeling that she could make things merely like the Tinker could. She could turn and maturate into something other than the life she has been populating now with assurance. Traveling to dinner, Elisa notices a pinpoint in the route ; she realizes they are her Chrysanthemums she gave to the Tinker. The Tinker had dumped them on the wayside and kept to pot for himself. At this point, she has lost all aspiration and assurance she has during the twenty-four hours. All Elisa could make was turn to her hubbies shoulder and call devising certain she was out of site from the Tinker who was stopped on the side of the route. The short narrative reveals the alterations in a adult female in society and how others can impact us all. Besides, people are merely like flowers, we grow and change as clip goes on. We change because of other beginnings around us that compel us to turn and move otherwise. Just because of gender, adult females were limited to their feelings and what they could make in life. The symbolism of a flower is used really good throughout the full narrative. Many times, Steinbeck uses the flower as a symbol for Elisa s ain life. First, the flower is closed and non ready to blossom. This portion of the narrative is when Elisa feels trapped in her garden and ruled by her hubby Henry. The portion of the flowers transmutation is the gap up and flowering. The Tinker brought exhilaration for Elisa and opened her eyes to his universe. The universe of going and living life twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours was ideal for her. Elisa s battles were vanishing right before her eyes as she grew confi dent. The alterations in her apparels and visual aspect symbolized that she, as a adult females was turning and blooming into another individual. Once changed into newer apparels and her finest wear, she looked really reasonably, typifying the flower one time once more. Towards the stoping of the narrative, she is put back in a familiar state of affairs. She feels unsure and threatened by his significance of the word, nice . Although experiencing this manner, the Tinker has provided her with great assurance and ego worth. Unfortunately the assurance and everything she had built up inside her is thrown off. Just like a deceasing flower, Elisa saw the pinpoint in the route without the pot. She had been played, and now lost all assurance she one time had. From this point, she can non maintain her caput up and fells on her hubbies shoulder off from the pinpoint. Elisa has now gone through alterations of a adult females and a flower in her up and down emotional journey.

Terrorism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Terrorism - Case Study Example Player et al. provide a more broad-based definition, saying that terrorism is â€Å"undertaken to influence a government for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause. Such act shall be certified as an "Act of Terrorism† (Player et al, 2002). However, this stance denies that there may be other causes for terrorism (or, in the case of anarchists, no cause at all). Personally, I would propose that Player et al.’s definition is acceptable, if it is amended to include more purposes. Terrorism is an abstract notion to begin with, a non-concrete and non-specific term that expands through the interpretations of various people with differing ideas of adding concreteness to the word. In other words, one person’s terrorist is another person’s freedom fighter. It is not a simple matter of translation when the word to be defined is something like terrorism. There are many perspectives to consider morally, politically, and in terms of point of view. â€Å"Some stress the psychological flaws of terrorist, flaws that attract them to a life of violence. Others argue that terrorists are relatively free of psychiatric problems and become involved in terrorism because they perceive they have no other option for survival† (Cleveland, 2004). Paterson and Brown define a just war as one which is not aggressive or preemptive, and, particularly in Brown, the author advocates the use of mediation rather than force in international affairs. The authors call for a re conceptualization of just war. noting that one must consider the use and impact of force in an international situation as a crisis reaction, and highlighting the dynamism and flux of the current world environment, in which force should be the last resort, not the first (Brown and Glass, 2004). I agree that a re conceptualization of just war is necessary, especially after the Iraq war. The US did not have any certifiable and truthful

Comparing two scenes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Comparing two scenes - Essay Example The film relies much on visual than verbal in explaining the entire portrait of Cameroon where France’s family lived. Denis concentrates on the relationship between the characters that are inflicted with various roles as child, wife, servants and colonialism. This is highlighted by demonstrating the house in terms of racial spaces demarcated as private or public places. The black Africans are featured as the servants whose places, where they shower or eat, are the public spaces while the whites’ homes are all private places. Two scenes seem to display this whereby; the public places are constantly on display. The scenes also display the relationship between France’s mother Aimee and their Cameroon servant, Protee who are almost of the same age. The relationship between the two is all what is meant to shape the life of France. The flashback does not much reflect on the experiences of France as a girl but on the relationship of Aimee and Protee, the two characters. In the first scene, Protee is taking a shower. On the other hand, in a plain view of the house, the male servants’ shower is outside. This scene is set during the day when there are rich colors and the sun is high. In the film, Protee is seen in a long shot soaping and rinsing his body. In the foreground of the frame are the servants’ quarters and Protee while the big house is set in the background. Denis makes the viewer aware that France and Aimee are returning from a walk during the time when Protee is showering. They pass behind the shower area while Protee does not notice them. On nearing the house, France talks to the mother, Protee thereby hears the voice. He is very frustrated and freezes in the fear that, if they turn to his side, they would see him naked. In this scene, Protee showers by himself in the servant quarters which are set as open public spaces with no privacy. During this particular period, the film firmly establishes in the

The Drunkard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Drunkard - Essay Example As the story unfolds, each new event hits the reader with an unexpected scenario. Larry lives up to his task and gets Mick out of the pub, sober and early, though not in any way the reader can imagine. O'Connor's tenacity at weaving reality into a humorous irony leads to an unexpected ending to their adventure. One of the most remarkable aspects of O'Connor is that he uses everyday situations and language to paint his humor. When they are burying Mr. Dooley you could feel the simple self gratification of Mick's attendance when he experiences, "a pleasant awareness that however much he would miss poor Mr. Dooley in the long summer evenings, it was he and not poor Mr. Dooley who would do the missing". Mick was glad to be alive and looking forward to the pub. He whispers to his friend Crowley, "We'll be making tracks before they break up". Bolting toward the pub before the last prayer falls silent he worries "in a crowd like that a man might be kept waiting". Once safely on a barstool he orders some lager beer and turns to chat with his friend Crowley. As his back is turned, young Larry decides to taste Mick's beer. Once again, O'Connor turns the mundane into a comedy with the use of plain language and lack of props. After tasting the bitter brew Larry recalls, "I was astonished that he could even drink such stuff.

Importance of Accounting in the Hospitality Industry

Importance of Accounting in the Hospitality Industry Broadly speaking, the process of financial management takes place at two levels. At the individual level, financial management involves tailoring expenses according to the financial resources of an individual. Individuals with surplus cash or access to funding invest their money to make up for the impact of taxation and inflation. Else, they spend it on discretionary items. They need to be able to take the financial decisions that are intended to benefit them in the long run and help them achieve their financial goals. From an organizational point of view, the process of financial management is associated with financial planning and financial control. Financial planning seeks to quantify various financial resources available and plan the size and timing of expenditures. Financial control refers to monitoring cash flow. Inflow is the amount of money coming into a particular company, while outflow is a record of the expenditure being made by the company. Managing this movement of funds in relation to the budget is essential for a business. At the corporate level, the main aim of the process of managing finances is to achieve the various goals a company sets at a given point of time. Businesses also seek to generate substantial amounts of profits, following a particular set of financial processes. Financial managers aim to boost the levels of resources at their disposal. Besides, they control the functioning on money put in by external investors. Providing investors with sufficient amount of returns on their investments is one of the goals that every company tries to achieve. Efficient financial management ensures that this becomes possible. WHY IS ACCOUNTING IS IMPORTAN IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY? A proper accounting system is essential to any business whether big or small in order to manage its daily functions and keep the businesses running successfully. For any successful business, the main obligation is to maximize profits, minimize any loss and at the same time maintain its position as a responsible entity within the society Behind every successful business is a sound financial model. This simple theory holds true in any business, whether it is retail, manufacturing, or high tech. It most certainly is true in the hospitality business. By employing basic accounting principles, hotel owners and managers have the information they need to optimize performance in every operational area, from inventory and payroll to sales and marketing. They can reduce expenses, be prepared to accommodate guests during peak business times, and scale back operations during slow periods. Rather than relying on intuition and reacting to events, successful owners have the financial facts readily available to proactively make the right decisions at the right time.ÂÂ   A good financial system goes well beyond developing an annual budget. The financial system needs to provide the mechanism for managers to easily track performance against the budget, identify issues and rapidly make adjustments, and create and use reports that will give them accurate financial status at any point in time. Just as importantly, there must be managers in place who are trained and accountable for meeting financial objectives.ÂÂ   A good financial system goes well beyond developing an annual budget. The financial system needs to provide the mechanism for managers to easily track performance against the budget, identify issues and rapidly make adjustments, and create and use reports that will give them accurate financial status at any point in time. Just as importantly, there must be managers in place who are trained and accountable for meeting financial objectives.ÂÂ   DIFFERENCE FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING WITH TH E FANANCIAL MANAGEMENT There are two broad types of accounting information: Financial Accounts: geared toward external users of accounting information and Management Accounts: aimed more at internal users of accounting information Although there is a difference in the type of: information presented in financial andmanagement accounts, the underlying objective is the same to satisfy the information needs of the user. Financial accounts describe the performance of a business over a specific period and the state of affairs at the end of that period.ÂÂ   The specific period is often referred to as the Trading Period and is usually one year long.ÂÂ   The period-end date as the Balance Sheet Date .Companies that are incorporated under the Companies Act 1989 are required by law to prepare and publish financial accounts.ÂÂ   The level of detail required in these accounts reflects the size of the business with smaller companies being required to prepare only brief accounts. The format of published financial accounts is determined by several different regulatory elements: Company Law, Accounting Standards and Stock Exchange. Financial accounts concentrate on the business as a whole rather than analysing the component parts of the business.ÂÂ   For example, sales are aggregated to provide a figure for total sales rather than publish a detailed analysis of sales by product, market etc. Most financial accounting information is of a monetary nature By definition, financial accounts present a historic perspective on the financial performance of the business Management accounts are used to help management record, plan and control the activities of a business and to assist in the decision-making process.ÂÂ   They can be prepared for any period (for example, many retailers prepare daily management information on sales, margins and stock levels). There is no legal requirement to prepare management accounts, although few (if any) well-run businesses can survive without them. There is no pre-determined format for management accounts.ÂÂ   They can be as detailed or brief as management wish. Management accounts can focus on specific areas of a business activities.ÂÂ   For example, they can provide insights into performance of: Products, Separate business locations (e.g. different hotels in chain) and Departments / divisions. Management accounts usually include a wide variety of non-financial information.ÂÂ   For example, management accounts often include analysis of: Employees (number, costs, productivity etc.), Sales volumes (units sold etc.) and Customer transactions (e.g. number of calls received into a call centre) Management accounts largely focus on analysing historical performance.ÂÂ   However, they also usually include some forward-looking elements e.g. a sales budget; cash-flow forecast

The Chosen Essay -- essays research papers

The Chosen, By Chaim Potok Friendship While many obstacles get in the way of friendship, true friendship still lives, even in silence. In the book, The Chosen , By Chaim Potok, two boys, Reuven Malter and Danny Saunders, who are very religiously different and both raised in completely opposite ways, develops a deep friendship. Their friendship opens up their worldview to many other different viewpoints in life. The friendship between these two boys is one with great religious significance, starting off with destiny and Gods will. As Danny and Reuven’s Friendship develops, it teaches them to respond wisely to the values of the more complex and secular world. It also teaches the true value of friendship. Because Danny’s father, Reb Saunders, raised Danny in silence, Danny and Reuven’s relationship was also a way that Reb Saunders could talk to his son, through Reuven. There friendship grows and they become closer and closer. Many things were pushing Danny and Reuven to become friends at first, but after being open to the fact of a friendship, they instantly became friends and it was easy for them to discuss there activities, desires and their fears. The two boy’s initial distrust and hatred for each other still didn’t make it hard for them to talk, the talked with comfort and no fear â€Å"Yesterday I had hated him; now we are calling each other by our first names. I sat and listened to him talk. I was fascinated just listening†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 68) Even though there friendship started off with hatred after talking, they got to know each other. They shared their goals, dreams, their education and their families with each other freely. Mr. Malter, Reuven’s father, tells Reuven what a friend is defined as, and tells Reuven to give Danny a chance to get to know him better, because Danny needs him. â€Å"You Know what a friend is Reuven? A Greek philosopher said that two people who are friends are like two bodies with one soul† (pg 74) The Differences between these boys are what set them apart, but when they finally talked, under the instructions of their fathers, they developed a strong connection which later on led to a deep friendship. After Reuven Rejected Danny for what he did to him, Mr. Malter tells Reuven a little bit about who Danny is, and why he needs a friend like Reuven. â€Å"Reb Saunders son is a terribly torn and lonely boy, there is literally no one in the world he can... ...xactly get in the way, but it helped build their friendship. Danny and Reuven became more comfortable with who they are and with each other. After Danny and Reuven’s hate for each other, many things pushed them to become friends and not only Danny and Reuven needed each other to go into a relationship, but their parents needed them too. There friendship was undeniable. Even after there friendship was banned, they became silenced, but lived on. It was hard, but because of there true friendship, when there relationship was renewed and the banned was lifted, they became stronger than ever. There friendship helped each other live their lives and make choices that were from there own heart, and not the heart of there parents or community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This topic shows us that even though it doesn’t always seem likely that a person needs a friend, some people need someone to talk to or someone to help them open up and to be revealed to a whole new life. We should learn by this topic that our friends shouldn’t always be clones of ourselves and we should be listening and helping our friends. Even through the toughest times, through silence, true friendships always last.