Sentencing Prison and Considerable Discretion Essay Example

Sentencing: Prison and Considerable Discretion Essay Sentencing CJA 234 Sentencing is directly tied to punishment and we see that the state and federal government agree on five objectives that a punishment is intended to bring in an offender. The five objectives are incapacitation, deterrence, restitution, retribution, rehabilitation, depending on the discretion of the Judge and the circumstances surround how the crime was committed the sentence will be amid at accomplishing one of these. Here is how the five objectives work: 1. Incapacitation: is designed to remove the offender from society thus removing the opportunity to commit crimes or arm, or execution of the offender for extremely gross and horrific crimes. 2. Deterrence: as other individuals are punished and sentenced to fines and incarceration for crimes, others will be deterred from committing those crimes or similar ones. 3. Restitution: This focuses on the fact that an offender has wronged the victim and must pay for his action either in some sort of incarceration sentence or service to the community. In civil case this means the violator will pay a court decided amount to the victim. 4. Retribution: This is the way of the old world and best displayed in the Hammurabis Code. This is an eye for an eye; an offender should be punished for what he did whether that is with his life or with hard labor. 5. Rehabilitation: This is most common in our prisons today, attempting to treat the offender by either giving them skills to be productive citizens or treating an emotional aliment. The goal for this is to treat and release a productive citizen back to society. We will write a custom essay sample on Sentencing: Prison and Considerable Discretion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sentencing: Prison and Considerable Discretion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sentencing: Prison and Considerable Discretion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Affects of Sentencing on Corrections Sentencing directly affects the entire correctional system regardless if it state or federal, this is due to the fact that sentences given to guilty offenders are served in orrectional institutions or under the supervision of correctional agencies. If sentencing is lenient then you will see that correction system will have a lower number of inmates and clients, yet when the sentencing is harasser you will see huge increases in prison population and with the clients in correctional that we see either at the state or federal level will directly lead to more offenders serving longer or mandatory sentences. As best described in our reading The first is the Judicial form of sentencing, in which Judges are granted considerable discretion in sentencing decisions. Under this form, penal codes create broad ranges of llowable sentences for each crime; allow Judges to decide whether to grant a sentence of probation or incarceration; and, if sending the offender to prison, define a broad range of the length of time to be served. The second is the administrative form of sentencing, which grants considerable discretion to officials of the executive branch of government. This includes prison officials in the award of good time and parole board members in determining when inmates will be released. More recently, the legislative form of sentencing has come to dominate sentencing across many states and the federal government. This approach grants most of the discretion to the legislative branch of government; legislative bodies create penal codes with determinate sentences and little (or no) discretion available to Judges. Legislative forms of sentencing include mandatory minimum sentences, presumptive sentencing, and the use of sentencing guidelines. (Seiter 2011). The discretion giving to either Judges or legislative branch on sentencing has been seen in recent years as we all know the over population in California prisons has gain the attention of the federal government. Due to tough on repeat offender legislation that had been assed we see that sentencing minimums were set higher for repeat offenders causing prison population to explode, this is a vivid example of how sentencing affects prisons overall. Sentencing Models There are many thoughts on how sentencing should and should not be done and regulated, so we see that there are many models individuals hold to. The most common models are determinate and indeterminate sentencing which are the ones widely used by both state and federal courts. Indeterminate sentences blend the decision by the sentencing Judge and a later decision by a release authority to etermine the actual time served. At the time of sentencing, Judges sentence offenders to indeterminate sentences, with a minimum and maximum amount of time to be served (for example, two to five years or ten to twenty years). After serving the minimum term, offenders are eligible to be released and their cases are reviewed by a parole board Determinate sentences are sentences of fixed terms. Offenders are eligible for release following the completion of the time to be served (for example, five years). Determinate sentences are not reviewed by anybody and offenders are not subject to release by parole boards. When offenders complete their sentence terms, they are released. Determinate sentences were used throughout the eighteenth century in the United States. Sentencing Judges were believed to have the most informed knowledge of offenders and the amount of time needed to punish them and deter them from further crimes. Therefore, Judges were granted considerable discretion in determining the prescribed sentence. (Seiter 2011). As we see in this portion from the reading that indeterminate sentence give a blend of discretion both to the Judge and rather the board that will review an offender for elease, while determinate sentences offer no such wiggle room and are sentences that must be served in full. The model that I feel is most appropriate is the deliberate act of individual knowingly violating the law and cause harm or loss of freedom to another individual. I feel that if criminals and offenders knew that they would be sentenced quickly and have to serve a hard sentence in full they would decide not to commit the crime. I feel this is because career criminals have been in and out of the system and they know that if they do certain things when an ndeterminate model is used they can get released earlier if that simple go along or pretend to be successful in programs while in prison. This has breed a portion of prison culture in the fact that offenders commit crime with the foreknowledge that if they play along and behave in prison they will only serve a fraction of the sentence that is given to them. The end goal of our prison should be to have a recidivism rate of zero percent and to find an effective way of accomplishing this and I strongly feel that if a determinate model is fully enforced we can move forward towards that goal.

Sample Essay For PhD in Economics

Sample Essay For PhD in EconomicsThe standard sample essay for PhD in Economics covers nearly every part of a basic education, from the humanities to the social sciences. This article looks at a few tips on writing a few additional sample essays that you can use for your coursework in Economics.The first area you will want to address is 'Testimonials'Application' in the sample. This is a great section to use for getting feedback on your academic work. Some PhD students have been known to get a much higher grade by giving an in-depth speech on their CV, rather than simply giving a more general presentation on their working environment.The next section that is an excellent way to learn about the course and how you can improve your letter's work is the 'References'. Use a citation or bibliography as you would for a thesis, rather than the word 'reference'. If you are going to include a bibliography, then you need to give each and every paper that has used the references a number (not ne cessarily an entry in the bibliography).In your References you may wish to use your first name, first initial (common practice in English), and last name. By using these labels you can show that you have in fact taken the time to do the research yourself rather than having it submitted to an editor. You should also make sure that all the references that you have listed have been submitted for your eyes only (this includes using a numbered book, paper, or report if it has been printed).The fourth section that is recommended is 'Interest Level'. This is used to outline what topics you would like to study more deeply. This section should be kept short, but at the same time gives you a more detailed view of your curriculum as well as some tools you can use to prepare for your final exam. For example, you may want to investigate different ways of integrating the concepts in Economics.Of course this is only a guide and one that are best used as a starting point, rather than as a full arti cle. So don't expect to know the ins and outs of every subject in this sample essay. However, it should give you a good idea of how much time you should allocate in your studies.The sample essay for PhD in Economics should give you a good idea of what you can expect. It does not give you the exact materials for your dissertation (just the basics) so you will need to do some research on your own. However, with the number of sample essays that are available to assist you in your studies, it shouldn't be too hard to understand what to do.

Essay on Successful Project Management

Essay on Successful Project Management Essay on Successful Project Management Essay on Successful Project ManagementThree partners in a consulting business provide the services of designing and implementing information system for physicians. The company purchases the necessary software and hardware, adds customized software, implements the system for the clients and performs user training. The company primarily targets individual physicians and small medical companies; the costs of typical projects range between $10,000 and $40,000 (Gido Clements, 2014).One of physicians who used the companys services joined a large regional practice consisting of 6 offices and 2 pharmacies. The practice employs more than 200 people. The practice prepared a request for proposal for consulting companies. These RFPs were sent to large consulting firms while the considered company did not receive a RFP. However, the physician who worked with the target company asked whether the partners would be interested in getting the RFP and competing for the project.Paul Goldberg was quite enthusiastic about the project since it allowed the company to enter a larger consulting niche and earn a reputation. Maggie Pressman is concerned because of the lack of time and the need to complete existing projects. Steve Youngblood is doubtful whether the company will be able to complete the project of such size and difficulty.Major ProblemsThe key problem in the case is the target companys decision on whether the participate in the project of automating the regional medical practice. The major concerns are the following:a) large consulting companies already started working on RFPs;b) the company might not have sufficient expertise to complete the project;c) the personnel is quite busy now and the company might lack people and resources to complete the project.Analysis and AlternativesThe target company did not receive RFP along with other companies because of two reasons: 1) the company was small and was not considered as a potential bidder by the purchasing manager; 2) the pur chasing manager was not aware that this company might be interested in completing the project. Third possible cause is the lack of personal contact between the target company and the purchasing manager of the regional medical company.The team is currently being considered as a candidate to submit a proposal because an employee of the regional medical company recommended them and put in a word for them. The communications between the purchasing manager and Dr. Houser along with the good impression which the team made on Dr. Houser in the past made this opportunity possible for the team.It might be reasonable to develop a bid/no bid checklist for helping determine whether the team should submit a proposal (Kerzner, 2013). Key factors for this checklist are 1) competition, 2) the opportunity to enter medium business niche in information systems consulting, 3) company reputation, 4) availability of necessary expertise, 5) availability of resources to prepare a proposal and 6) availabili ty of resources to complete the project. Factors 1, 2 and 3 have high weight and factors 4-6 have medium weight. The team has strong position pertaining to factors 2, 3 and 5, while factors 1, 4 and 6 are associated with the teams weaknesses.It is possible to identify three possible alternatives: 1 the team rejects the RFP and does not submit a proposal,2 the team submits the proposal and completes the project with its current staff and 3 the team submits the proposal and hires additional staff with relevant expertise to complete the project.Recommendations and ConclusionsIt is reasonable to weight each alternative according to the bid/no bid factors and to choose the alternative which allows to use the teams strengths while minimizing their weaknesses (Vida, 2012). Alternative 1 will result in weakening the companys reputation (factor #3) and the team will miss an opportunity to expand its business and to enter a new business niche (factor #2). Furthermore, the team will not be able to strengthen its competitive position (factor #1).As for alternative 2, it allows to use factors 2 and 3 for the benefit of the considered team, but the company might lack expertise (factor 4) and resources (factor 5) to complete the project; furthermore, any failures or poor performance might affect the companys competitive position (factor 1) and damage the companys reputation (factor 3). Therefore, although alternative 2 is more viable than alternative 1, it is a risky option.Alternative 3 allows to balance the risks: the company will strengthen its position in relation to factors 4-6 as the team will hire employees or contractors with the relevant expertise and will increase its pool of resources. Furthermore, the team will be able to prepare a more impressive proposal if it manages to involve key contractors with relevant experience. Alternative 3 also allows the team to benefit from factors 1-3. Therefore, alternative 3 is the most viable option: the team should hire add itional contractors with proper experience to prepare the proposal and to complete the project.

Website Evaluation Paper and Prototype for Redesign Essay

Website Evaluation Paper and Prototype for Redesign - Essay Example In order to increase the customers and business there is a desperate need to re-design the website for survival of the Berry’s company and competing with their competitors. In order to achieve the objectives, the company needs to improve the website in three diverse aspects include: the overall design, the user interface and the web marketing to increase the traffic. The improvements in the overall design of the website may include but not limited to the inclusion of a site map, the standardized coding or quality of code, search engine optimization and page layout. The user interface should be improved to get effective and efficient user interaction with the website. The user interface should be simple, easy-to-use and attractive by applying the web user interface standards and guidelines. The website’s visitors are not always the customers, but the objective is to compel the visitors to stop and buy the services, it can be accomplished by the service quality, selection (and the way of presenting services or contents) and the attractive price or offer. The already identified weaknesses of the website can be categorized into the three above mentioned categories. As the contents of the website do not precisely depict the objective of the website. Therefore, it is highly recommended to add a clear objective statement of the Berry’s company, the services that are provided in the bullets need to be elaborated so that these services can be described to the visitors/customer to gain their attention that may lead to a successful sale. Moreover, the contact information needs to be modified in a way that customers can interact with the company’s officer through the website. The contents’ language should represent the real world information so that the customer can easily understand. These recommendations related or categorized into the sale related issues or to stop the visitor to read out contents for a while. The website does not contain a site map and search

Unit 4 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Unit 4 Discussion Board - Essay Example Mount Sinai NYU Health is an example of a healthcare organization – a holding company – that has a multi-corporate entity. The health organization has several subsidiaries or healthcare divisions serving the greater New York City area. The hospital is listed in the book, Jonas and Kovner’s Health Care Delivery in the United States (2002), as a conglomerate with subsidiaries in ambulatory care, hospitals, and employed and affiliated physician groups. Other subsidiary-companies provide traditional home health services for Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, and self-payers and other services not covered by federal programs. The organization is centralized, as mission, plans, and CEO financial and acquisition powers are reserved as the parent company’s while local units have separate boards with their strategic authority being limited. (Kovner & Jonas 2002, p. 163). The advantages of a multi-corporate structure in the administration of a healthcare organization such as Mount Sinai NYU Health could be seen in two main areas: profitability and quality of service. In terms of profitability, the multi-corporate structure offers an increase in volume, cost savings, and greater leverage in bargaining with managed care organizations. When it comes to the quality of service, a multi-corporate healthcare organization is said to have improved quality of care that results from standardization and specialized expertise. (p. 164) Another important and obvious aspect about multiple-corporate structure is that it allows for greater flexibility in operations because each division or agency within the whole healthcare organization may assume its own separate legal entity. Therefore, as more services are provided or more subsidiaries are added, the other subsidiaries are less likely to be disturbed. There are critics who argue

Plug-in Hybrid vs. Pure Electric Cars Research Essay Essay Example for Free

Plug-in Hybrid vs. Pure Electric Cars Research Essay Essay This world has prospered with gasoline cars since the late eighteen hundreds and nineteen hundreds. In fact, the world we live in today cannot stand without the benefits of gasoline-powered vehicular travel. Since the modernization of travel, the public can drive cars anywhere, including other countries, cities, streets, houses, or even backyards. The mass want of private automobiles has led to more drivers, then a huge amount of pollution, and then that familiar phrase: Global Warming. This is why we need a new alternative to the combustion engine, and there are very many ways to achieve this including plug-in cars and pure electric cars. But, to fully prevent Global Warming, our economy must run on pure clean energy. Plug-in hybrid cars have their benefits, including the ability to revert to an internal combustion engine when the battery dies, but pure-electric cars are the way to go because the battery has a much larger store of electricity and electric cars do not run on harmful gasoline; they run on clean energy. The pros of hybrid plug-in cars do not match the pros that the pure-electric car boasts. Although, there are some so-called experts who disprove this theory, and say that hybrid cars are the best way to go. A pro in the mind of Philip Dunn, a hybrid car advocate, is that â€Å"at higher speeds above forty miles per hour the gas motor kicks in and gives that peppy feel so many car owners look for when driving on the highway. † Another pro is that the hybrid car can â€Å"already get one-hundred mpg on fifty-five-mile trips using cobbled-together PHEVs,† (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) says Ben Hewitt, another advocate of hybrid cars. The hybrid vehicle also does not produce any Carbon-Dioxide from a stop, and does not produce any Carbon-Dioxide moving at less than under forty miles per hour. These pros, nonetheless, are better than a pure-gas engine, which compares with an average 21 mpg (estimation courtesy of EPA), and produces Carbon-Dioxide all of the time that it is running. But, these pros do not scratch the surface of the pure-electric car and its wonders. The cons of the plug-in car are various. The plug-in car costs â€Å"anywhere from three-thousand dollars to eight-thousand dollars more than conventional automobiles† (Watson), but these prices will go down as manufacturers start developing more hybrids and create more competition. Until there is more research, hybrids also use up the electric engine in under five-hundred uses, which leads to more money spent replacing the un-chargeable battery. Adding onto the list is the fact that hybrid cars will still use gasoline. In order to clean up Earth, hybrid plug-in cars and their problems shall not be created. Hybrid cars are also weighed down by both engines. The two engines also instigate the problem of maintaining two engines instead of one, which will make repair cost more than gas-powered cars in certain circumstances such as a car crash that damages both engines. Both pros and cons of the hybrid plug-in do not reach the level of pure electric cars. Few cons are tacked onto the pure electric car, but those few are important. Pure-electric cars cannot drive long distance road trips without being recharged. This can take up to three-and-a-half hours in some electric cars, which isn’t good for being late to work or a party. The beneficial trend toward more environmentally friendly vehicles has had the unintended effect of placing the blind and other pedestrians in danger, said Rep. Edolphus Towns (D-New York, 10th) in introducing The Pedestrian Safety Act of 2008 that would protect the blind from electric cars, which are silent. These cars are also pricy, with the Tesla Roadster reaching over one-hundred thousand dollars. These cons come with a reward, though. The pros of having a pure-electric vehicle are heavier than that of its cons. With an average of 220 mpc (miles per charge [based on EPA combined city/highway cycle]), the pure-electric car can cover the average daily driver’s commute and then some. The pure-electric Tesla Roadster can reach up to â€Å"125 mph and has a 0mph-60mph in less than 4 seconds† (Tesla Motors – Tesla Roadster). Also, whenever the brakes are used to stop, you charge the engine. Another thing is that, when stopped, the car does not consume any energy. All of this and zero-emissions boost the pure-electric car to the top of the list of daily drivers and high performance gas-guzzlers. Both types of car oust that of the gas-guzzlers on the road today. Although, to provide a cleaner and more-efficient future for Earth, humans must set aside fossil fuels and use clean electric energy, which a pure-electric car uses. The public cannot make a huge change into hybrid plug-ins and then switch to full electric power; just look at the Digital Television switch that has been postponed twice because people are too lazy to go out and get a free digital cable box. The people are slow to change, which means that in order to switch before humans destroy the world, humans must first change to pure-electric energy. If humans are ready to start the massive change to clean up Earth, those humans must first stop making a new mess. Works Cited Dunn, Philip. Hybrid Cars Pros and Cons. (2006) 4 Apr 2009 . Hewitt, Ben. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Cars: How Theyll Solve the Fuel Crunch. May 2007 4 Apr 2009 . Watson, Jerry. Hybrids pros and cons. (2005-2009) 4 Apr 2009 . http://www. teslamotors. com/performance/perf_specs. php Towns, Edolphus. Introduction of Pedestrian Safety Act of 2008, April 9th, 2008.

Moral And Psychological Atmosphere :: essays research papers

From its opening, the tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, plunges us into a world of mystery, intrigue and plotting. It is dark, enigmatic and yet resplendent court of Elsinor that we saunter into, a court dominated at different times by two characters. With Hamlet trying to prove Claudius's guilt, and Claudius trying to pierce the secret of Hamlet's madness, and using Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Ophelia, and finally Gertrude as his pawns. This makes the atmosphere more and more gloomy and tense The play begins with the Changing of the guards on a cold winter's night at the castle of Elsinor. The men talk about ghost that they have seen, which is the dead king of Denmark. The scene is set on a dark cold night, causing the atmosphere to be gloomy, with tension that can be felt distinctively, foreshadowing of what is to come. This is the skill with which Shakespeare evokes a mood appropriate to this tragedy. The prince Hamlet's first moral struggle is seen in the soliloquy. He wishes to end his life for this world has become " weary, stale, flat and unprofitable". It is not just the death of his beloved father and king which has reduced him to this state of despair but also the fact that his mother's hasty marriage to his uncle Claudius. He perceives this marriage as unrighteous and is religiously wrong. This accounts for his wish to commit suicide. However according to the bible it morally incorrect, it is forbidden by the sixth of the Ten Commandments in the Old Testament. The question to live or to end his life is seen in another scene. "To be or not to be" This suggests that Hamlet is always in the tussle of morality. The atmosphere of the play is steeped in the odour of corruption as well as decay. These visible elements of corruption are reinforced by numerous words and images throughout the play. One of these is " something is rotten in the state of Denmark." This is said by Marcellus when he saw the ghost and aware of the cause of Old hamlet's death. This highlighted the theme of decay. Another example is when the Ghost compares Gertrude's sin to preying on garbage. In addition Hamlet warns Polonius of the way the sun breeds maggots in a dead dog. " For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog,